第8章英语语言的应用（I）
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）
【答案】consequence, change brought about by
【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）
【答案】illocutionary
【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。

3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
【答案】Performatives
【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

II. Multiple Choices.
1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研)
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Levinson
D. G. Leech
【答案】B
【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。

它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。

2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研）
A. threaten
B. advise
C. beseech
D. urge
【答案】A
【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。

3. _____ is using a sentence to perform a function. （西安外国语学院2006研）
A. A perlocutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A locutionary act
D. Speech act
【答案】D
【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出言语行为理论, 此理论对语言交际的
本质进行解释，即指出言语行为是指用一句话来发挥作用去完成某些事情。

4. By saying “You have left the door wide open,” a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary _____. （西安交大2008研）
A. at the same time
B. one after another
C. two first and then the other
D. one first and then the other two
【答案】D
【解析】言语行为理论中的发话行为先发生，然后行事行为和取效行为才发生。

行事行为和取效行为属于话后行为。

5. Which of the following statement concerning context is NOT correct?
A. It was first noted by the British linguist John Firth.
B. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
C. It determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.
D. It is essential to the syntactic study of language.
【答案】D
【解析】语境这个概念由英国语言学家John Firth最先提出，一般认为它是由言者和听者
的共享知识构成，它决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到话语的理解，它对
语言的语用研究（而非句法研究）来说是必不可少的。

语言的句法研究与语境无关。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

6. Which of the following is NOT correct?
A. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized.
B. The meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.
C. The meaning of a sentence is based on utterance meaning.
D. Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a
real situation of communication or simply in a context.
【答案】C
【解析】句子的意思是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。

话语的意义是基于句子意义之上的；它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真实的交际场合
或仅在一个语境中的体现。

因此，本题的正确答案为C。

7. “You have left the window wide open.”Which of the following is the illocutionary act performed by the speaker?
A. The speaker intends to ask someone to close the window or make a complaint.
B. The hearer closes the window.
C. The speaker intends to express what the words literally mean.
D. None of the above.
【答案】A
【解析】言内行为指说话这一行为的本身，使用音位、词汇、句法来表达字面意义的行为；
言外行为指表达说话者交流目的或意图的行为；而言后行为指通过某些话实施的行
为，或讲某些话所导致的行为，实际上是话语所产生的后果或者所引起的变化。

因
此，本题的正确答案为A。

8. How many categories do speech acts fall into according to John Searle?
A. Three.
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
【答案】C
【解析】Searle区分的五类分别是：representatives（阐述类），directives（指令类），commissives（承诺类），expressives（表达类），declarations（宣告类）。

因此，本题的正确答案为C。

9. Which of the following is the typical case of commissives?
A. Believing.
B. Ordering.
C. Promising.
D. Congratulating.
【答案】C
【解析】承诺类是那些言者对未来行为过程做出承诺的言外行为，即在说话的时候，言者将
自己置于某种义务中；允诺（promising），保证（undertaking），发誓（vowing）
都是最典型的例子。

只有C符合题意。

因此，本题的正确答案为C。

10. Which of the following is the specific instance of directives?
A. Swearing.
B. Suggesting.
C. Undertaking.
D. Apologizing.
【答案】B
【解析】指令类是言者让听者做某事的企图。

邀请inviting，建议suggesting，要求requesting，忠告advising，警告warning，威胁threatening，命令ordering
都是其例。

只有B符合题意。

因此，本题的正确答案为B。

11. The Illocutionary Act was developed by _____.（西安交大2008研）
A. John Austin
B. Levinson
C. John Lyons
D. John Searle
【答案】D
【解析】美国的哲学语言学家约翰·舍尔对言语行为理论的发展做出了巨大的贡献，尤其是他对行事行为的分类。