! 卦；邓巴认为恰恰相反，他继续说，是语言进化才让我们可以八卦。
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __behavior__ of
the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By me! ans of grooming——cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__attack__ from outside it.
研究表明,三分之二的人谈话不是讨论的文化或者政治问题，不是激烈地争论我们刚刚
! 看的电影或书籍，而是纯粹简单的八卦而已。
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __habitually__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out——and why; how to deal with difficult __social__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
自!! 由决!!!!!!!!! 定选择什么。
二 （完形填空）八卦，闲聊，瞎扯
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or polit!ical problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __gossip_.
邓巴通过研究诸如猴子等高等灵长类动物的行为得出了他的好玩的结论。通过梳毛， 也就是用刷来清洁皮毛，猴子们与其他个体形式组织。当内部发生某种冲突事件，或受到
! 外来攻击时，他们可以依靠这些个体寻求支持，
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __concludes__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __protection__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __ease__ the pressure and calm everybody down.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __classify__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__simply__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __signals__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__alert__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __moderation__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.
!1
英国和瑞典政府已经推出了所谓的“交通灯系统”，把食物进行分类成健康和不健康 的。这意味着客户一眼就可以看到每个产品包含多少脂肪,糖和盐，仅仅通过观察包装上的 （信号）灯。绿灯表明三大营养素的量都是健康；黄色表示客户应当警惕；红色意味着食 物中至少有一种营养素含量过高，应该适量食用。客户被给予重要的健康信息，但仍可以
!!
一（十一选十）
2014上海高考英语考卷（精读版）
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However,
you don't have time to carefully（=delicately;closely） plan menus for meals or read food __labels__ at the supermarket. Since you really__commit__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__relieve__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket——including ch shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up——is a choice architect.
!2
their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar —__on the contrary__, he goes on to say, language evolved
作为一个物种，语言是我们最大的财富。我们习惯性地用它来做什么呢（怎么处理 它）?我们八卦。八卦别人的行为和私生活，比如谁和谁在做什么，谁进了，谁出了——
! 为什么进或出呢；八卦如何处理有关（涉及）儿童、爱人和同事的艰难的社交情形。
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __wasters__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__vital__issues.
让我们假设你已经决定你想要吃得更健康。但是，你没有时间仔细计划每餐的菜单， 或者你也没时间在超市阅读食品标签。因为你真的承诺自己一个更健康的生活方式，所以 有些援助会派上用场，难道不是吗？这就是“选择建筑师”，他可以帮助减轻一些都是你自 己做这一切的负担。选择建筑师是那些组织各种环境的人，在那些环境下，客户做出决 定。例如，选择建筑师会决定你当地超市的布局，包括花生酱摆在哪个架子上，,橙子应该 怎么堆放。
政府不得不通过法律强制执行更健康的生活方式。例如，禁止吸烟。相反，如果一 个“选择建筑师”创设出一个环境给我们——他鼓励我们自己去选择最好的——我们就会去 做正确的事情。换句话说,会有这样的设计，能轻轻推动客户做出更健康的选择，而不去除 选择的自由。这个想法结合了自由选择与来自“选择建筑师”的温和提示。他们的目标就是 帮助人们过更长寿，更健康，更快乐的生活。