P1 二、复合难句：1、Mining may well have been the second of humankind's earliest endeavors--granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization如果说农业是人类最早的产业（文明）的话，那么采矿就理所当然地排在第二。
这两种产业作为人类早期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。
2、If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分，而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分，那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基础资源的支柱3、Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes.这里所说的采矿是指广义上的，因为它包括为实利目的而从地球或其他天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采4、Mine：An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals采矿：为了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals采矿业：一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles to the development ,planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines.采矿工程：运用工程原理生产、规划、运作和关闭（充填）以及对矿山再利用（复垦）的一种实践7、Mineral：A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties.矿物：一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物（无机物），它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。
8、Rock：Any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of mineral particles岩石：任何天然形成的、由一种或多种矿物颗粒组成的集合体9、Metallic ores：Those ores of the ferrous metals (iron , manganese ,molybdenum and tungsten) , the base metals (copper , lead and tin) , the precious metals (gold , silver, the platinum group metals) and the radioactive minerals( uranium , thorium and radium) .金属矿：包括黑色金属（铁、锰、钼、钨），基础金属（铜、铅、锡),贵重金属（金、银、铂金类金属）和放射性金属（铀、钍、镭）10、Nonmetallic minerals：(also known as industrial minerals) The nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the production of metals. These include phosphate ,potash , halite , trona ,sand , gravel , limestone , sulfur , and many others.非金属矿物：（也被称为工业矿物）与金属产品无关的非燃料矿物。
它包括磷酸盐、碳酸钾、岩盐、天然碱、砂、砾、石灰岩、硫磺和一些其他的矿石11、Fossil fuels：(also known as mineral fuels) The organic mineral substances that can be utilized as fuels , such as coal , petroleum , natural gas , coal-bed methane ['mi:θein] （甲烷、沼气）,gilsonite and tar sands.化石燃料：（也称作矿物燃料）能够被用作燃料的有机矿物质，比如煤、石油、天然气、煤层气硬沥青和沥青砂12、These fields of boreholes are also called mines ,as they are the means to mine a mineral deposit ,even if no one enters into the geologic realm ofthe deposit这些有钻孔的领域同样被划归采矿，因为钻孔意味着开采矿床，即使没有人进入这个矿床的地质区域13、Note that when the economic profitability of a mineral diposit has been established with some con fidence , ore or ore deposit is preferred as the descriptive term for the mineraloccurrence.注意：当因有些把握而确立了矿床的经济收益时，矿石或矿床就成为矿物出现的首选描述性术语。
14、If the excavation used for mining is entirely open or operated from the surface , it is termed a surface mine. If the excavation consists of openings for human entry below the earth's surface , it is called an underground mine.如果矿山挖掘是完全露天的或是从地表开始剥离岩石的，那么这种开采方式称为露天开采；如果挖掘只有方便人们进出地下的开口，则称这种方式为地下开采露天采矿简介 P211、In open pit mining, a mechanical extraction method, a thickdeposit is generally mined in benches or steps, although thindeposits may require only a single bench or face.在露天采矿（一种机械开采法）中，一个厚的矿床通常都是按平台或台阶进行开采的，尽管薄的矿床可能只需要一个简单的平台或工作面。
2、Hydraulicking utilizes a high-pressure stream of water that isdirected against the mineral deposit (normally but not always aplacer) , undercutting it , and causing its removal by the erosiveactions of the water.水力开采利用一根高压水柱直接冲击矿床（通常不总是砂矿），由于水的侵蚀作用慢慢切割，进而引起移动剥落3、Dredging performed from floating vessels, accomplishes theextraction of the minerals mechanically or hydraulically.从漂浮的船上“挖泥”，实现机械或水力的矿物开采。
4、Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to extract sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either throughdrill-holes or in dumps or heaps on the surface.溶浸采矿包括井眼采矿（比如开采盐和硫磺的方法）和浸滤采矿，或者通过钻孔或者通过倾倒或地面堆浸的方法实现浸滤开采。
5、An open pit mine is an excavation or cut made at the surface ofthe ground for the purpose of（为了……目的） extracting ore andwhich is open to the surface for the duration of the mine's life.露天开采是为了开采矿石而在地表进行的一种挖掘或切割，它在采矿的整个过程中都是露天开放的6、The selection of physical design parameters and the schedulingof the ore and waste extraction program are complex engineeringdecisions of enormous economic significance.物理设计参数的选择和矿石及废矿开采工作的进度计划是具有巨大经济意义的复杂工程抉择7、Among these are increasing production, a shift in emphasis fromunderground to surface mining , a decline in ore grade and qualityof some crude materials , and , with few exceptions , an increase in productivity of labor在这些因素中，属于产量增加的因素是：开采重心由地下开采向露天开采的转变，一些原矿矿石在等级和质量方面的下降，以及，少有例外的员工生产力的提高8、Paradoxically , productivity has increased even with declininggrade and quality ,which is indicative of the rapid technological improvement taking place in open pit mining techniques相矛盾的是，甚至在矿石等级和质量下降的情况下生产力一直在提高。