杭州师范学院生命与环境科学学院2006-2007学年第一学期期末考试 《环境统计学》试卷（B）答案 班级： 学号： 姓名：
题号 一 二 三 四 五 总分 得分 评卷签名
一、名词解释（共20分，每小题4分） 得分 1. 数据和数据类型（Data and types of data） The numerical facts that reflect the variable are data (One numerical fact is a datum) : Quantitative data, ranked (ordinal) data, and categorical (nominal) data 2. 参数分析须满足的三个假设（The three assumptions for parametric analyses） Normality, additivity, and homogeneity 3. 正态分布曲线的特点（Properties of the normal distribution curve） Normal distribution curves are bell-shaped and bilaterally symmetrical. The tails of the curve approach the X-axis, but never touch it. Although the graph will go on indefinitely, the area under the graph is considered to have a unit of 1.00 Also unique about the normal distribution curve is that the mean, median, and mode are the same value The mode and median can be estimated by simply looking at a graph: the mode is the value with the highest frequency, and the median is the middle point. It is harder to estimate the mean, however, as that depends on the range of values 4. 协方差分析的基本步骤（The general procedures for analysis of covariance） To examine if data are suitable for parametric analyses To examine if the involved linear regression lines are statistically significant To examine if the involved linear regression lines are parallel. If so, then calculate the common slope To examine if the intercepts differ significantly. If so, then correct observed values To show differences in adjusted means among sample using multiple comparison 5. 现代科学研究的基本步骤（The general procedures for modern scientific researches） Observation of a particular event Statement of the problem Formulation of a hypothesis Making a prediction Design of the experiment Statistical analyses of data Conclusion
二、基础统计分析题（共20分） 得分 1. 用下表人类头发颜色观测频次（O）的抽样数据，要求：（1）填写头发颜色的理论频次分布；（2）用卡方好适度检测和对数似然比例（G检验）检测人类黑色、棕色、白色、金色和红色头发颜色是否吻合5: 3: 2: 2: 1的颜色分布 [The following sample data are recorded as the observed frequencies (O), by which you may use to test whether the sample comes from a population having a 5: 3: 2: 2: 1 color pattern of black to brown to white to blond to red hair colorations. You are asked: (1) to show the expected frequencies (E), and (2) to decide the trueness of the null hypothesis (H0) using Chi-square goodness of fit (X2 test) and Log-likelihood ratio (G-test). Please note that the critical value is 9.49 when P = 0.05 and df = 4 ] (10 points) 黑色（Black） 棕色（Brown） 白色（White） 金色（Blond） 红色（Red） n
O 89 40 32 29 10 200 E 76.9 46.2 30.8 30.8 15.4 200 G = 4.80, df = 4, P > 0.05 X2 = 4.78, df = 4, P > 0.05
2. 请填写以下未完成的表格并用Mann-Whitney检验由两个助教指导的学生是否具有相同的学业表现（Please fill the following uncompleted form and then use Mann-Whitney test to examine if the performance of students is the same under two teaching assistants）(10 points) Teaching assistant A Teaching assistant B Grade Range of grade Grade Range of grade A 2.5 A 2.5 A 2.5 A 2.5 A 5.5 B+ 7.5 A 5.5 B+ 7.5 B 10 B 10 B 10 B 12 C+ 13.5 C 16.5 C+ 13.5 C 16.5 C 16.5 C 19.5 C 16.5 D 24 C 19.5 D 22.5 D 22.5 D+ 21 U = 49.5, U’ = 93.5, P = 0.202
统计学原理与实验设计试题（第1页 共4页） 三、综合统计分析题（共60分） 得分 附录是某种动物雌体繁殖特征的地理变异的数据。要求将该组数据粘贴到统计软件包，以便于做以下统计分析 (The appendix is a set of data on geographic variation in female reproductive traits of a hypothetic animal. You are asked to paste this dataset into the statistical package so that you will be able to do the following statistical analyses)
1. 请分别用t-检验、Mann-Whitney秩检验和单因子方差分析检测浙皖（ZW）和百色（BS）雌体的体长是否存在差异（Please examine if there is a difference in body length between females collected from Quangzhou and Zhoushan using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and one-way ANOVA）(8 points) Zhewan < Baise U = 244.0, U’ = 1554.0, P < 0.0001 t = 6.42, df = 89, P < 0.0001 F1, 89 = 41.32, P < 0.0001
2. 试用Kruskal-Wallis检验检测四个地理来源的雌体体长是否存在差异（Please use Kruskal-Wallis test to examine if there are differences in female body length among the four geographic localities）(8 points) H2,N = 163 = 46.06, P < 0.0001
3. 请将两个地理位置的生育力描述性统计值填入表内，并同以雌体体长为协变量的单因子协方差分析比较两个地理位置生育力平均值（Please fill the following table with descriptive statistics of fecundity and then compare the mean values of fecundity between the two geographic localities using one-way ANCOVA with female body length as the covariate）(8 points)
地理位置（Location） 有效样本（valid N） 平均值（Mean） 标准误 （Standard error） 标准差 （Standard deviation） 中值 （Median） 范围 （Range）
ZW 62 12.1 0.5 4.0 12 15 BS 29 16.6 0.8 4.1 16 17 F1, 88 = 0.58, P = 0.450