其步骤的先后顺序逐项说明。 • 在这一类文章里，如果文章中的说明至今
有效，须在行文中使用现在时。 for example:
7
• There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to ‘prove’ (rise). In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of making bread finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.
• 在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch; while...; soon; when...等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在 午饭后的事。
5
表时间顺序的常用词及短语
Now , nowadays, between… and … Since, later, afterwards, earlier, formerly In the first/second/… place To begin with, at the turn of the century… At birth, in childhood, in infancy, in adolescence,
4
• After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water. Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realized how close I had come to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.
2
• 叙述法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交 待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、 完整地理解文章的含义
3
1.按时间展开（development by time）
• 当一段文字是记叙一连串接着发生的事物时，必须依照事 物发生的时间，按先后顺序排列，方可一目了然。 如： Toward the end of the afternoon everything begins to close. The bank closes first. Mr Fisher locks the bank doors promptly at four o’clock. Miss Mary Smith leaves the Post Office an hour after that. A half hour later Barney Jones locks his grocery store, and Miss Minie Mason leaves school. If the three-thirty train is on time, Ben Cook walks past the Farmers’ Bank at Five-thirty. By six o’clock everything is closed along Main Street except the gas station, the restaurant, and the drugstore. By six o’clock most people are at home getting ready for dinner.
as an adult, in adulthood, in old age, at death Next, then, subsequently, later, in conclusion…..
6
2.按过程展开（ development by process） • 为了讲清楚如何做一件事情，我们通常按
Paragraph （2）
Ways of developing paragraph 段落的展开法
1
一.叙述法(narration)
• 叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时 间、过程或空间的排列顺序表达主题句的 一种写作手段。
1. 按时间展开（development by time） 2. 按过程展开（ development by process） 3. 按空间展开（ pment by space）