[考研类试卷]考研英语（一）模拟试卷154一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)0 Being fat is bad for you.【B1】______that, almost everyone agrees. It is just possible,【B2】______, that almost everyone is wrong. In fact, getting fat may be a mechanism that【B3】______the body. The health problems【B4】______with fatness may not be caused by it but be another【B5】______, another symptom, of overeating. That is the【B6】______of Roger Unger and Philip Scherer. Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer have been reviewing the science of what has come to be known as metabolic syndrome. This is a cluster of symptoms such as high blood【B7】______, insulin resistance and fatness that seem to increase the【B8】______of heart disease and strokes, diabetes and liver disease. "Syndrome" is the medical term for a(n) 【B9】______of symptoms whose common cause is not【B10】______understood. The symptom of metabolic syndrome that appears first is usually【B11】______, so this is generally【B12】______as the underlying cause.Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer,【B13】______, turn this logic on its head. They point out that there is usually a period of many years between a person becoming【B14】______and his developing the other【B15】______. If the growth of adipose tissue(the body cells in which fat is stored)were【B16】______harmful, that would not be the【B17】______. This is one of the lines of evidence that has led them to the conclusion that,【B18】______its role in storing energy as a hedge against future famine, getting fat is a protective mechanism【B19】______metabolic syndrome.Their thesis is that lipids(the group of molecules that includes fats), which are needed in small amounts to make cell membranes, are toxic in larger quantities.【B20】______them into adipose tissue is one of the body's ways of dealing with that toxicity.1 【B1】（A）In（B）At（C）With（D）On2 【B2】（A）thus（B）though （C）hence （D）unless3 【B3】（A）damages （B）protects （C）induces （D）guides4 【B4】（A）associated （B）unconcerned （C）caused （D）involved5 【B5】（A）origin（B）factor （C）account （D）consequence 6 【B6】（A）proposal （B）invention （C）masterpiece （D）utterance7 【B7】（A）suppression （B）tension （C）pressure （D）circulation 8 【B8】（A）risk（B）consequence （C）severity （D）prevalence9 【B9】（A）integration （B）distribution （C）collection （D）inclination 10 【B10】（A）properly （B）credibly （C）academically （D）artificially 11 【B11】（A）injury （B）obesity （C）famine （D）misery12 【B12】（A）reconciled （B）charged （C）overcame（D）regarded 13 【B13】（A）as a result （B）first of all （C）however （D）therefore 14 【B14】（A）abnormal （B）slender （C）overweight （D）negligible 15 【B15】（A）symptoms （B）matters （C）resistances （D）agonies 16 【B16】（A）directly（B）genuinely （C）continuously （D）concisely17 【B17】（A）reason（B）result（C）cause（D）case18 【B18】（A）less than （B）as far as （C）in addition to （D）with respect to 19 【B19】（A）beyond （B）against（C）for（D）to20 【B20】（A）Disposing（B）Tossing（C）Absorbing（D）OccupyingPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 Two of the most common rumors about immigrant families are that they don't really want to become American and that they're a drag on the rest of us. But a fascinating new Pew report gives lie to both fears. In the process, it reminds us why immigration matters.The study shows first of all that Americanization is proceeding as inevitably now as during previous great waves of migration. Yes, today's immigrants are Hispanic and Asian rather than European. But that has not made a difference. Today's 20 million adult sons and daughters of immigrants have learned English, advanced economically, and intermarried far more than their parents did and no more slowly than the Italians or Irish or Poles did a century ago. Nearly six in ten—almost double the percentage of their parents—consider themselves "typical Americans."As for whether immigrant families are a drag on society, the facts are clear. Second-generation Americans—the children of immigrants—are not just doing better than their parents. Their educational attainment and income are actually above the national average. They are contributors. If anything, as other research has shown, it is America that can be harmful to immigrant families: obesity and criminality increase from the first to the second generation. So the question should not be how to keep newcomers from diluting America but how to keep America from diluting the newcomers. This presents a challenge to both native-born Americans and today's immigrants.The Pew report notes that Americans who are of foreign birth or parentage, so-called "immigrant stock," will constitute a record 37% of the population by 2050. This frightens many white Americans to the core, especially those who are older and live in communities only recently touched by immigration. But for today's "immigrant stock," this moment creates an opportunity. Immigrants of earlier centuries proved that every kind of European could become simply white; today's immigrants prove that every kindof human can become simply American. But this means encouraging them to strive not only for their own families but also for the nation, through service and civic participation. We should bear in mind that whether we are native-born or newcomer, our task now, then, is to apply an immigrant's ingenuity, optimism, and perseverance to the systematic expansion of opportunity in America. To do that, as history shows and recent studies confirm, it'll help to have more immigrants around.21 The new Pew report has found that（A）the two rumors about immigration are untrue.（B）the immigration matters should be addressed.（C）Hispanic and Asian immigration does not help America.（D）Almost all immigrants have a strong sense of belonging.22 We can learn from paragraph 3 that immigrant families（A）do not slow down but speed up American progress.（B）are better off than natives in education and income.（C）are diluting America as a united and coherent society.（D）pose a potential challenge to the American society.23 Many white Americans are frightened to core because（A）the number of immigrants will exceed that of American natives by 2050.（B）immigrants will account for a large part of the population by 2050.（C）immigrants will populate the USA, including those remote communities.（D）the young immigrants will increase obesity and criminality in America.24 It is indicated in the last two paragraphs that（A）immigration is more a challenge than an opportunity.（B）immigration can be harnessed to serve the nation.（C）immigrants can hardly be assimilated into America.（D）the more immigrants America takes in, the better.25 Regarding the immigration into America, the author's attitude is（A）doubtful.（B）indifferent.（C）pessimistic.（D）supportive.25 The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania. It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber. Other liquids produced in the refining process, too unstable or smoky for lamplight, were burned or dumped. But the unwanted petrol and diesel did not go to waste for long, thanks to the development of the internal-combustion engine a few years later.Since then demand for oil has, with a couple of <u>blips</u> in the 1970s and 1980s, risen steadily alongside ever-increasing travel by car, plane and ship. Three-fifths of it ends up in fuel tanks. With billions of Chinese and Indians growing richer and itching to get behind the wheel of a car, the big oil companies, the International EnergyAgency(IEA)and America's Energy Information Administration all predict that demand will keep on rising.We believe that they are wrong, and that oil is close to a peak. This is not the "peak oil" widely discussed several years ago, when several theorists, who have since gone strangely quiet, reckoned that supply would flatten and then fall. We believe that demand, not supply, could decline. In the rich world oil demand has already peaked: it has fallen since 2005. Even allowing for all those new drivers in Beijing and Delhi, two revolutions in technology will dampen the world's thirst for the black stuff.The first revolution was led by a man from Texas who has just died. George Mitchell championed "tracking" as a way to release huge supplies of "unconventional" gas from shale(a smooth soft rock)beds. This, along with vast new discoveries of conventional gas, has recently helped increase the world's reserves from 50 to 200 years. The other great change is in automotive technology. Rapid advances in engine and vehicle design also threaten oil's dominance. Foremost is the efficiency of the internal-combustion engine itself. Petrol and diesel engines are becoming ever more frugal.Not surprisingly, the oil "supermajors" and the IEA disagree. They point out that most of the emerging world has a long way to go before it owns as many cars, or drives as many miles per head, as America. But it would be foolish to predict from the rich world's past to booming Asia's future. The sorts of environmental policies that are reducing the thirst for fuel in Europe and America by imposing ever-tougher fuel-efficiency standards on vehicles are also being adopted in the emerging economies.26 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（A）oil was first discovered and used in the Middle East.（B）the oil age is short-lived and has already come to its end.（C）the shortage of kerosene led to the use of petrol and diesel.（D）the oil age is largely attributed to technological developments.27 The word "blip"(Line 1, Para. 2)most probably means（A）boom.（B）slump.（C）increase.（D）fluctuation.28 Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 3 and 4?（A）Demand for oil is close to a peak with supplies increased.（B）The oil demand in the world has already peaked until 2005.（C）New energy has broken the dominance of conventional gas.（D）Demand for oil is limited while supply of oil is unlimited.29 According to the last paragraph, the oil "supermajors" believe that（A）the emerging world needs more vehicles.（B）the future of oil is bright in the emerging world.（C）the demand for oil is the strongest in Asia.（D）the thirst for fuel is impossible to be reduced.30 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be（A）Dawn of the Oil Age.（B）Oil: A Fit of Peak.（C）Oil: Yesterday's Fuel.（D）The Future of Oil.30 Brothers and sisters fight, but when the <u>bickering</u> evolves into physical or emotional abuse, it's bullying. Ordinary arguments over toys and who gets the front seat are one thing, but a recent study from researchers at the University of New Hampshire reports that aggression between siblings can escalate into bullying, and that young victims can be harmed in the same way as those who are threatened by peers on the playground.In fact, the study authors say, being bullied by a brother or sister was linked to worse mental-health outcomes for kids and adolescents, similar to those associated with being bullied by unrelated kids in the schoolyard.The new study, published in the journal Pediatrics, involved thousands of children and adolescents throughout the U.S. and found that those who were physically assaulted, had their toys stolen or broken or endured emotional abuse that made them feel frightened orunwanted by their sibling had higher levels of depression, anger and anxiety than those without these experiences.In order to study any differences between the effects of sibling bullying and those of being threatened by an unrelated bully, the researchers compared the effects of aggressive behaviors, such as physical violence, breaking or taking toys or belongings, and abuse, like name-calling or mocking, originating from siblings with those coming from children's unrelated peers. They concluded that as far as mental-health effects are concerned, the relationship that the victims had with their bullies didn't seem to matter. The findings showed that sibling bullying had the same association with increased anxiety, depression and trauma as peer aggression.That's an eye-opening result since most parents—not to mention the public—have a higher tolerance for fighting and even threatening behavior among siblings than they do for other social relationships. Sibling fighting is often dismissed, seen as something that's normal or harmless. Some parents even think it's beneficial, as training for dealing with conflict and aggression in other relationships.But when does that normal quarreling evolve into something more? Parents may unknowingly play a role in escalating some sibling fighting into abuse, John V. Caffaro, a clinical psychologist and co-author of Sibling Abuse Trauma, told the New York Times. If parents allow children to continuously fight and confront each other in aggressive ways without intervening, or if they play favorites and label children as "the smart one" or the "the quiet one," that may lead to more unhealthy competitiveness between siblings that develops into abuse. Caffaro said that since violence between siblings is one of the most common types of familial violence, aggression with the intent to physical hurt or humiliate a brother or sister should be taken seriously, and quashed.31 The word "bickering"(line 1, Para. 1)most probably means（A）beating.（B）hitting.（C）fighting.（D）bullying.32 The new study published in Pediatrics shows that（A）thousands of children and adolescents in the US are bullied yearly.（B）the outcome of being bullied by siblings is worse than that by peers. （C）kids bullied by their siblings are more depressed than those who not. （D）being bullied by siblings is exactly the same as being bullied by others.33 After comparing the effects, the researchers found that（A）sibling bullying is as detrimental as peer aggression.（B）sibling bullying is actually not a matter to worry about.（C）sibling bullying is more harmful than peer aggression.（D）sibling bullying is closely related to peer aggression.34 According to the text, some parents actually（A）are more tolerant than the public for sibling fighting.（B）regard bullying in the family as something harmful.（C）think that bullying can help their children in a way.（D）are fond of playing favorites and labeling children.35 Which of the following would Caffaro most probably agree with?（A）Parents are responsible for most bullying in the family.（B）Sibling bullying is more than common in US families.（C）Parents should consciously encourage sibling fighting.（D）Sibling bullying needs proper intervention from parents.35 Transatlantic friction between companies and regulators has grown as Europe's data guardians have become more assertive. Francesca Bignami, a professor at George Washington University's law school, says that the explosion of digital technologies has made it impossible for watchdogs to keep a close eye on every web company operating in their backyard. So instead they are relying more on scapegoating prominent wrongdoers in the hope that this will deter others.But regulators such as Peter Schaar, who heads Germany's federal data-protection agency, say the <u>gulf</u> is exaggerated. Some European countries, he points out, now have rules that make companies who suffer big losses of customer data to report these to the authorities. The inspiration for these measures comes from America.Yet even Mr. Schaar admits that the internet's global scale means that there will need to be changes on both sides of the Atlantic. He hints that Europe might adopt a more flexible regulatory stance if America were to create what amounts to an independent data-protection body along European lines. In Europe, where the flagship Data Protection Directive came into effect in 1995, the European Commission is conducting a review of its privacy policies. In America Congress has begun debating a new privacy bill and the Federal Trade Commission is considering an overhaul of its rules.Even if America and Europe do narrow their differences, internet firms will still have to struggle with other data watchdogs. In Asia countries that belong to APEC are trying to develop a set of regional guidelines for privacy rules under an initiative known as the Data Privacy Pathfinder. Some countries such as Australia and New Zealand have longstanding privacy laws, but many emerging nations have yet to roll out fully fledged versions of their own. Mr. Polonetsky sees Asia as "a new privacy battleground", with America and Europe both keen to tempt countries towards their own regulatory model. Canada already has something of a hybrid privacy regime, which may explain why its data-protection commissioner, Jennifer Stoddart, has been so influential on the international stage. She marshaled the signatories of the Google Buzz letter and took Facebook to task last year for breaching Canada's data privacy laws, which led the company to change its policies.Ms Stoddart argues that American companies often trip up on data-privacy issues because of "their brimming optimism that the whole world wants what they have rolled out in America." Yet the same optimism has helped to create global companies that have brought huge benefits to consumers, while also presenting privacy regulators with tough choices. Shoehorning such firms into old privacy frameworks will not benefit either them or their users.36 According to paragraph 1, web watchdogs（A）are faced with tough choices to regulate web companies.（B）keep a close eye on every internet company.（C）scapegoat famous companies to keep others in alarm.（D）report losses of customer data to the authorities.37 The "gulf"(Line2, Para. 2)refers to（A）the friction between web companies and regulators.（B）the differences between European and American privacy practice.（C）the argument between data watchdogs and governments.（D）the conflict between customers and companies which disclose data.38 Europe's data-protection polices（A）are copies of American model.（B）feature independence and flexibility.（C）are being reviewed by the European Commission.（D）use America's for reference.39 By saying "a new privacy battlefield", Mr. Polonetsky probably means in Asia （A）there will be a lot of friction between internet regulators and companies. （B）different countries will adopt different sets of privacy rules and regulations. （C）there will be controversy over privacy laws to be established in the area. （D）adopting American or European regulatory models may be a controversy.40 According to Jennifer Stoddart, in terms of privacy rules,（A）Facebook was criticized for breaking Canada's rules.（B）America's model is a good example to follow.（C）Canada's hybrid model is influential in the world.（D）global companies need not to obey privacy rules.Part B (10 points)40 Given all the roiling debates about how America's children should be taught, it may come as a surprise to learn that students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there's no doubt that school is important, a clutch of recent studies reminds us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, Brigham Young University and the University of California-Irvine, for example, finds that parental involvement—checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home—has a more powerful influence on students' academic performance than anything about the school the students attend.【C1】______So parents matter—a point made clear by decades of research showing that a major part of the academic advantage held by children from affluent families comes from the "concerted cultivation of children" as compared to the more laissez-faire(let children do what they want)style of parenting common in working-class families. But this research also reveals something else: that parents, of all backgrounds, don't need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an edge.【C2】______But not just any talk. Although well-known research by psychologists Betty Hart and Todd Risley has shown that professional parents talk more to their children than less-affluent parents—a lot more, resulting in a 30 million "word gap" by the time children reach age three—more recent research is refining our sense of exactly what kinds of talk at home foster children's success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health and published in the journal Pediatrics found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as interludes in which the adult did all the talking.【C3】______ The content of parents' conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge.【C4】______While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remains strong. And again, the way mothers and fathers talk to their middle-school students makes a difference. Research by Nancy Hill, a professor at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education, finds that parents play an important role in what Hill calls "academic socialization"—setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals(going to college, getting a good job).【C5】______A. As they grow older, this feeling helps middle- and upper-class kids develop into assertive advocates for their own interests, while working-class students tend to avoid asking for help or arguing their own case with teachers.B. They don't need to drive their offspring to enrichment classes or test-prep courses. What they need to do with their children is much simpler talk.C. Engaging in these sorts of conversations, Hill reports, has a greater impact on educational accomplishment than volunteering at a child's school or going to PTA(parent-teacher association)meetings, or even taking children to libraries and museums.D. And a third study concludes that schools would have to increase their spending by more than $1,000 per pupil in order to achieve the same results that are gained with parental involvement(not likely in this stretched economic era).E. Engaging in this reciprocal back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter.F. Another study, published in the Review of Economics and Statistics, reports that the effort put forth by parents has a bigger impact on their children's educational achievement than the effort expended by either teachers or the students themselves.G. Psychologist Susan Levine, who led the study on number words, has found that the amount of talk young children hear about the spatial properties of the physical world—how big or small or round or sharp objects are—predicts kids' problem-solving abilities as they prepare to enter kindergarten.41 【C1】42 【C2】43 【C3】44 【C4】45 【C5】Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)45 More than any other date on the calendar, Thanksgiving has remained private and personal, without the trappings that spoil the rest of contemporary life.【F1】<u>On this holiday, Americans are allowed to be as prayerful or as worldly as they choose, with no one complaining that they have somehow taken the thanks out of Thanksgiving.</u>For all the public talk about family values, no other holiday brings generations together without the lure of anything more tangible than a good dinner. Distractions are gloriously limited: the malls are closed and the televised sports offerings sparse.【F2】<u>Unlike New Year's Eve, no one feels compelled to have the time of one's life or broods excessively when reality fails to conform to these exaggerated expectations.</u> The perfect Thanksgiving is timeless.No gastronomical(art of cooking good food or the pleasure of eating it)theory can explain the enduring appeal of the Thanksgiving dinner. Americans have grown accustomed to utter commercialism taken to excess, but somehow Thanksgiving has resisted the lure of an age of agreed.【F3】<u>The greeting-card producers and the florists must lament a national holiday in which they are doomed to play such a minor role.</u> For if one cares to send the very best, one flies home for Thanksgiving. Even the TV networks have never figured out a way to transform Thanksgiving into a prime-time pageant.【F4】<u>Politicians are happily silent on Thanksgiving, and such restraint is appropriate for a holiday that commemorates one of the rare occasions when the white man treated the Indian with dignity and respect.</u> But public officials may also be restrained by the experience of Franklin Roosevelt, the only modem President to try to tamper with Thanksgiving. Back in 1939, Roosevelt touched off a patriotic uprising when he issued a proclamation unilaterally shifting Thanksgiving from the then customary last Thursday in November(the 30th)to the fourth Thursday(the 23rd)as a way of granting Depression-era merchants a longer Christmas selling season.【F5】<u>What adds an odd, almost innocent flavor to this bygone controversy is the old-fashioned notion that department stores wait patiently until the end of Thanksgiving to unveil Santa's workshop.</u> In a nation where the mall never gets tedious and seven-days-a-week shopping seems valued as a civic religion, Thanksgiving stands out as an oasis of quietness and a reminder of the values that once tempered America's materialism. This Thursday give thanks for the one holiday that cannot be bought.46 【F1】47 【F2】48 【F3】49 【F4】50 【F5】Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)51 The dean of Computer Science Department learns the news that Prof. Smith, a famous scholar in Information Technology, is planning an academic tour to Asia. As the assistant to the dean, you are required to write a formal letter to Prof. Smith to1)invite him for a short-visit and give some lectures and2)need to specify the arrangements during his stay.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)52 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)。