Non-declarative(implicit) Skills and associations unavailable to the conscious mind Habits, skills, behaviors Playing the piano, throwing a frisbee, tying your shoes
Memory Processes
• Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Encoding
• Applies to short- and long-term memory
• Storage
——H.M. You'd think it would be impossible to have a relationship with someone who didn't recognize you, but I did.
——Suzanne Corkin
H.M. Lesion Site
• 1953, at age of 27, H.M. had an operation in which an 8 cm length of the MTL was bilaterally removed
Structure of this lecture
• Declarative memory
• Encoding • Storage • retrieval
• Non-declarative memory
• Encoding • Storage • retrieval
Take home message
behavior

• ‘permanent’ • ‘unlimited’ • Information that has been saved
across time
Long-term memory
Declarative(explicit) Storage and retrieval of material that is available to conscious mind and (in humans) can be encoded in symbols and language “I had Cheerios for breakfast Tuesday”
Memory
What is memory?
• What’s the professor’s name? • What did you have for lunch today? Yesterday?
Two days ago? On your first day of 1st grade? • When was the last time you got up before 9am? • How do you drive a car?
R.B.
• Another amnesic patient
• Lost his memory after episode during heart bypass surgery (loss blood to brain)
• Dense anterograde amnesia (similar to H.M.) • Retrograde amnesia back 1-2 years pre-surgery
Definition…
• Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Learning and Memory
Memory Types
• Transient (sec to min) • Capacity-limited (7±2 items) • Information that guides on-going
• Preservation of information across extended time • Applies to long-term memory only
• Retrieval
• Reactivation of stored information • Applies to long-term memory only
Trauma to brain
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Declarative memory--encoding
H.M.
• /watch?v=R5LtEJBSbkY
Right now, I’m wondering. Have I done or said anything amiss? You see, at this moment everything looks clear to me, but what happened just before? That’s what worries me.
• cortex, amygdala, anterior 2/3 of the hippocampus
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H.M. fMRI (many years after surgery)
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We Will Soon Know More
400,000 people viewed live on the web
• Memory involves multiple brain regions and networks.
Neuropsychology: Amnesia
• Memory loss may manifest itself in two ways: • RETROGRADE amnesia – prior to trauma • ANTEROGRADE amnesia – following trauma • May be a mix, as below:
• Upon death several years later, studied brain