《语言与文化》复习资料答案I.1—10 DDDBA DCBCC 11—20 BBBBA BDCAC 21—25 AAAACII.1. CD2. AD3. CD4. ABD5. ABCDIII.1—10 FTFTF FTTFT 11—20 FTTFF TFTTF 21—25 TFTTTIV1. accenting2. Hypotactic3. After you4. contact5. Ex cuse me6. hypotactic7. It’s my pleasure8. environmentalism9. Paratactic 10. Chronemics 11. softening words 12. nuclearV.1.culture:文化.Culture is the unique style and custom, which a nation forms in the history of its own development.munication:交际．Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.3.one-way communication:单向交际．Communication without feedback is called one-way communication.4. communicative competence 交际能力The ability to behave appropriately and effectively by verbal and / or nonverbal means to achieve intended results at a given time, in a give place, in a given communication event, and towards a given person or persons.5. tips: 小费The word “tips” is the abbreviation of the phrase “ to insure prompt service”6. vocalics: 副语言V ocalics is also called paralanguage, it is the study of the nonverbal elements of the voice.7. ethnocentrism:民族中心主义．Ethnocentrism is a kind of psychological trend, that is to interpret or to judge all other groups, their environments and their communication according to the categories and values of our own culture.8. privacy: 免受不受欢迎的侵扰的自由，私事权freedom from undesirable intrusions9. church sale: Sale of things donated by followers of a religion in the church. 在教堂里廉价出售教徒捐赠的东西。

10. small talk: When two strangers are introduced to each other in the U.S. or U.K. , they usually start what is called small talk so as to make the communication can go on smoothly, that is to keep the ball rolling. 闲聊，小谈11. cultural communication information 交际文化Cultural communication information refers to the knowledge that is necessary for successful intercultural communication.12.non-contact culture非接触文化Some peoples such as native speakers feel more comfortable when communicating with others at a greater distance, such a culture is called non-contact culture.VI.1.What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?.In English people exchange compliments each other: father to son, husband to wife,friend to friend, etc. But there are cultural differences between English and Chinese.Firstly cultural differences exist in who can be complimented. In English speakingcountries one can praise members of one’s own family. A woman can talk about howhard her husband works and how well he has done in his career, and she might do thesame about how well her children do at school. But Chinese people do not praisemembers of their own families. They consider it bad taste. Secondly, culturaldifferences exist in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male Englishspeaker to compliment females on their good looks, while it is almost a taboo inChinese culture.2. What is the rule of introduction in the United States?In English culture the general rule is to introduce a young person to an older one, aman to a woman, an inferior to a superior, the guest to the host, an individual to agroup. And be sure to mention first the name of the person we wish to honor. When introducing a man and a woman, mention the woman’s name first unless the man ismuch older than the woman or very famous. When introducing two males or twofemales, put the older person’s name first.When people are introduced, people normally shake hands in formal or business situations. In this occasion, men usually take off their gloves before shaking hands,but women do not have to. When a man and a woman are to shake hands, it is thewoman who extends her hand first.3. Compare Chinese and English "thanks".Differences lie in what to thank for. English speakers thank others for many reasonsand on many occasions such as borrowing a pencil, asking for directions , requesting someoneto pass on a message, receiving mails for others, calling a person to the phone and so on and so forth, and this seems to be unnecessary and sometimes even hypocritical to many Chinese people. On the other hand, the Chinese people tend to thank the one who has done them a major favor several times,this may seem excessive, empty or insincere to English speakers and therefore make them uncomfortable.Differences also lie in whom to thank. In English culture a male thanks his wife, a female thank her husband, a father thanks his son and close friends thank each other for having done anything. That is because people are treated as individuals and the kindness they have shown in whatever may should be appreciated explicitly. But in China, most of the polite expressions are reserved for stranger and casual friends. Family members and close friends never thank each other, for the Chinese attitude is that the appreciation is understood and need not be expressed among close friends and family members. However, this attitude may be taken for rudeness or lack of consideration by English speakers.4. What are the cross-cultural differences between English culture and Chinese cultureyou find in laughing and smiling?For an English speaker, laughing when others have troubles are very impolite and offensive.But this may not be the case in Chinese culture; Native speakers of English, especially, Americans, tend to smile even to strangers to show friendliness. Even a girl may smile to a male strangerfor no reason other than showing friendliness. In contrast, Chinese speaking persons would not smileto strangers without a reason for doing so. If females do so without any reason they might be viewedas frivolous; in English culture one is expected to treat criticisms seriously and this should notsmile when criticized. But in China, when criticized, one might smile to show politeness or that she,as a Chinese expression goes ,“闻过则喜”。