dull: a. (of color or surface) not bright or clear(指 色彩、表面)不鲜明的, 发灰的, 阴暗的,暗淡的
另外，修饰颜色的其它词，如： bright=(of a color) strong, clear and easily seen (色 彩)明亮的，清晰的 dark=(of color) tending towards black(色彩)深 light=(of color) not deep of dark(色彩)浅 E.g. dull gray(暗灰) dull color(暗淡的色彩) bright gray(明快的灰色) bright color(明亮的色彩) dark gray (深灰色) dark color (深色) light gray (浅灰色) light color (浅色)
result in vs result from
1.result in= have as a result, cause“结果是，导致；造成，引起”. 它表示由某事造成的结果。 E.g. Smoking too much often results in lung cancer and many other diseases. Lack of population control can result in poverty. (不进行人口控制会造成贫穷。) 2. result from= be caused by, to happen as an effect or result “起 因于…”, “由…(原因)产生”；用来表示事物产生的根源。 E.g. His success results from hard work. (他的成功是他努力工作的结果。) His illness resulted from excessive work. (他的疾病是由过度劳累引起的。)
turn out=happen to be or found to be in the end 结果是, 证明是
E.g. Our plan turned out not quite successful as expected. (结果,我们的计划没有像期望的那么成功.) His statement turned out to be false. (最后证实他的话是错的。) It turned out that he was Jim’s father. (结果,他就是吉姆的父亲.)
keep up with= go or move as fast as, go forward at an equal pace with 跟上, 紧跟
E.g. We should keep up with the times. (我们应紧跟时代潮流。) They could not keep up with us when we climbed the mountain 与 except
1. except for : 是“除了…”; 引出一个与述说的主要意思相 反的原因或细节, 从而部分地修正句中所述的主要意思. E.g. Your composition is very good except for some spelling mistakes. (你的作文很好,只是有几个拼写错误而已.) Except for its high cost, this type of machine would be very suitable. (这种机器非常合适, 只是价格贵了些.) 2. except:也是 “除了…”; 它用来表示从整体中排除其中 的一部分, 其后可接名词或从句. E.g. He answered all the questions except (for) the last one. (除了最后一个问题, 所有的问题他都回答了.)
hold up: (often used in passive voice) delay, get in one’s way 延迟, 耽搁, 阻碍
We are held up for 5 minutes in a traffic jam. (我被一场交通阻塞耽误了5分钟。) The steel strike may hold up the production of cars for several months. (钢铁工人罢工，可能会使汽车生产停滞好几 个月。)
If you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer, …
a bit
vs. a little
Cloze (A)
(page 108)
The personality traits() shown by Sam Adams since childhood seemed to form the b (1) of his becoming an industrial engineer: His e (2) , his efforts to be n (3) and well-organized, and his attention to q (4) were all familiar to everyone who knew him. After he obtained a university degree, his job was to i (5) a shirt factory to find ways of making the operations more p (6) . While carrying out his inspection, he was surprised by his f (6) . The poor working conditions, the lack() of quality control, and the regular work f (6) all a (6) him. When he finished the inspection, he offered many s (6) to the m (6) . To his surprise, however, his reward() for the inspection was a check for ＄100 and a box of shirts.
Talk over= discuss, discuss fully 商量, 讨论; 详谈
E.g. The teacher would like to talk over this problem next class. (老师将在下节课讨论这个问题。) He talked over the matter with his wife before making a decision. (在作出决定前, 他和他妻子就这件事详谈了一下 .)
I couldn’t do anything except just sit there and hope. (我除了干坐在那儿盼望外,无事可干.) He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. (除了在过去几天里稍有点头痛之外, 他身体一直很好.) 3. except for… 还可以表示“如果不是由于…”; 等于but for. E.g. Except for your help, I would not have finished the task. (要不是因为你的帮助,我是不可能完成这项工作的.) 还需注意的是: 当except位于句首时,须用except for代替. E.g. Except for John, everyone was present. (除约翰外, 所有的人都出席了.)
Unit Six
Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer
whatsoever: a.=of any kind, at all任何的， 丝毫的
它用在含否定词或any的句中，放在n.后面， 表示“任何的(=at all)”, 语气比whatever强。 E.g. Is there any chance whatsoever? (有一点可能性吗？)
Background Knowledge
Industrial Engineering(工业管理工程学) 工业管理工程学详细分析劳动力,原材料和设 备的成本,以期提高生产力,增加收益和提高效 率. 搞这种分析研究的人叫做工业管理工程师. 他的主要职责就是协调人力资源,原材料和机 械设备的关系并制定一套最行之有效的生产方 案.
as a result vs
as a result of
as a result= because of… 作为结果，因此 E.g. Tom didn’t study hard, as a result, he failed to pass the exam. as a result of…=because of, owning to…由于 E.g. He is unable to go to school as a result of the fall from his motorbike.
find out= learn to discover 查明,发现(尤指坏事)
E.g. You may get away with dishonesty for a while, but you will be found out sooner or later. (不诚实只能蒙蔽一时, 迟早会被发现的.) Jenny was angry when her boyfriend found out her secrets. (珍妮在她男朋友发现她的秘密后,非常生气.)
Background Knowledge
学院 vs. 大学：
学院(College)一般为专业性大学，只针对某个某些研 究领域，范围较小，一般只授予学生文学士( B.A. 即 Bachelor of Arts)和理学士(B.S.即Bachelor of Science)学位。 而大学(University)则为综合性大学，一般由若干个分 院构成，人数众多，研究范围广，大学除了可以授予 文学士和理学士的学位外，还可可以授予文科硕士 (M.A., 即Master of Arts))和理科硕士(M.S., 即Master of Science)学位，可以授予博士(Ph.D. 即Doctor of Philosophy)学位。注意，Ph. D. 并不单指哲学博士， 而是所有的博士都叫Ph. D.