经济学原理曼昆PPT课件
2 C H A P T E R
经济学原理
N.格里高利.曼昆 著
像经济学家一样思考
Thinking Like An Economist
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
▪ In the first, economists employ the
scientific method, the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.
2
假设与模型
Assumptions & Models
▪ 作为科学家的经济学家试图用科学方法( scientific method),
理性地建立并检验有关世界如何运行的理论/模型
▪ Economists play two roles:
1. Scientists: try to explain the world 2. Policy advisors: try to improve it
如何通过市场在家庭和企业之间流动
▪ 两个主体:
▪ 个人/家庭/居民户 ▪ 企业
▪ 两个市场:
▪ (生产)要素市场 ▪ 物品和劳务市场
8
Factors of Production (生产要素)
▪ 生产要素( Factors of production):——人们用于生产物品和
concepts does the diagram illustrate?
▪ 生产可能性边界与机会成本有什么联系?它还表示了什么其他概念? ▪ How is the Production Possibilities Frontier related
to opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrdels(熟悉的模型)
飞机模型 A model airplane
6
Some Familiar Models(熟悉的模型)
牙医办公室里的牙齿模型
The model teeth at the dentist’s office
不要忘了刷 牙!
7
The First Model:
▪ Model: a highly simplified representation of
a more complicated reality. Economists use models to study economic issues.
▪ 假设能简化复杂的世界,使之更容易理解 ▪ 例如:
要研究国际贸易,我们假设世上只有两个国家,并且只生产两种产品 尽管这并不真实,但对于学习和研究而言较为方便,而且可以由此获得对 真实世界的洞察和深刻理解
▪ Assumptions simplify the complex world,
make it easier to understand.
▪ Example: To study international trade,
assume two countries and two goods. Unrealistic, but simple to learn and gives useful insights about the real world.
本章将探索这些问题的答案:
In this chapter,
look for the answers to these questions:
▪ 经济学家的两种角色是什么?怎样区别它们? ▪ What are economists’ two roles? How do they differ? ▪ 什么是模型?经济学家怎么使用它们? ▪ What are models? How do economists use them? ▪ 循环流程图的构成要素有哪些?流程图想要表达什么概念? ▪ What are the elements of the Circular-Flow Diagram? What
The Circular-Flow Diagram
经济学的第一个模型:循环流量图
▪ The Circular-Flow Diagram :a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars
flow through markets among households and firms
▪ 微观和宏观经济学,实证的和规范的经济学有何不同? ▪ What is the difference between microeconomics and
macroeconomics? Between positive and normative?
1
作为科学家和作为政策顾问的经济学家
▪ 经济学家的两种角色/作用: 1. 作为科学家:他们试图解释世界(explain the world) 2. 作为政策顾问:他们尝试改善(改进)世界(improve it)
▪ 模型( Model):是关于真实世界的高度简化或高度简化了的真实世界
经济学家常用模型研究经济问题
3
Some Familiar Models
地图 A road map
4
Some Familiar Models(常见的模型)
高中生物学课堂上的人体解剖 模型
A model of human anatomy from high school biology class
▪ Two types of “actors”: ▪ households ▪ firms
▪ Two markets: ▪ the market for “factors of production” ▪ the market for goods and services
▪ 循环流量图( Circular-Flow Diagram): —— 一种直观的经济模型,它说明一个经济体的货币