– A is defined to mean …
其他定义用语
• 所谓 … 是 …
– So called A is …
• 顾名思义，…
– A, as the name implies/suggests, is …
• Command and control, as the name implies, must comprise both a command and controlled action element.
• There is no universally accepted definition to the term Software Component presently.
• … 目前很难给 … 下定义.
– A clear definition of A is difficult to give.
带修饰的“称为”
• …统称为…
– … are collectively called …
• …有各种叫法…
– … is variously called …
• 前者称为…, 后者称为…
– The former is referred to as …, andthe latter as …
• 通常简称为…
• 本世纪初期
– Early in the present century
• 在本世纪末之前
– Before the end of this century
• 20世纪后半页
– The second half of the twentieth century
有关“年份”表达用语
• 早在公元前600年
– As long as 600 B.C.
• 早在公元600年前
– As long as A.D. 600
涉及“世纪”表达用语
• 19世纪后期
– In the late nineteenth century
• 20世纪的头20年里
– Within the first 20 years of the twentieth century
Outline
• 术语说明性用语 • 时间表达用语 • ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语 • 关于分类的表达用语 • 有关程度的表达用语 • 因果关系表达用语 • “有”和“无”的表达 • 相互关系的表达用语 • 有关“手段”的表达用语
时间表达用语
• 科技英语中涉及时间的表达方式 • 公元年代 ~ 毫微级时间单位
– often shortened to …
使用“意指”含义的词语
• A 的意思是 …
– By A one refers to …
• By the speed of transmission one refers to the instantaneous rate at which the information is transferred over the communication facility.
Professional English
Words in Professional English Writing 科技论文写作常用英语词汇
Outline
• 术语说明性用语 • 时间表达用语 • ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语 • 关于分类的表达用语 • 有关程度的表达用语 • 因果关系表达用语 • “有”和“无”的表达 • 相互关系的表达用语 • 有关“手段”的表达用语
• … 称为 …，也可称为 …
– A is called …, or, alternatively, …
• … 是由 … 派生而来，意思是 …
– A is derived from B, meaning …
无明确定义
• … 没有普遍公认的定义.
– There is no universally accepted definition to the term A.
涉及“公元”表达用语
• 公元前 (B.C. - Before Christ), 公元 (A.D. - Anno Domini)
– A.D. 写在年数之前, B.C. 写在年数之后
• from 300 B.C. to A.D. 400
– 均要大写
• 公元前100年左右
– Around 100 B.C.
术语说明性用语
• 直接使用“定义”一词
– definition, define – 数学类文献中使用较多
Definition
• 一个完整的definition例子
“Definition : The difference between the largest and
smallest class boundaries is called the range of the table.”
• 一个以上的definition
“Definition 1 …” ✓
“One/First definition …”
“Definition 2 …” ✓
“Two/Second definition …”
Define
• 被动句
– A is defined as B. – A is defined as follows: … – A is defined to be B. – A is defined by B. – A is defined in terms of B.
– By A we mean/imply that …
• By the word scientist we mean someone who take part in basic research, to discover and attach significant problems not yet solved, to …
• 主动句
– We define A as B. …
使用“称为”
• A is called/termed B.
– When the copy is printed out on paper, it is called hard copy.
• A is known as B. • A is referred to as B. • A is spoken of as B.