胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such asarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformativefunction,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phaticcommunion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction ofphonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction ofphonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,thepresent),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,yingdown rules for language use.8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms oflinguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels ofare composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable theirusers to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at themoment of communication.12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction oflanguage.13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particularstudies.14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such aspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches ofmacrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,etpetence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations areinvolved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broadtranscription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.23.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some placeto divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.24.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.25.Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When/t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 26.Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping ofthe air can be perceived.27.Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actualrelationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.28.Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in thevocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.29.Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme fromanother.plementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the sameenvironment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.31.IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the InternationalPhonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.32.Suprasegmental:suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than singlesound segments.The principal supra-segmental features are syllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.33.morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,aunit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering themeaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.pound oly morphemic words w hich consist wholly of free morphemes,such asclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.35.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectionalaffixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.36.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to anothermorpheme(the root or stem).37.derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.38.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.39.allomorph:any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme isbut it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.40.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.41.bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is addedto,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.42.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.43.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)44.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided withsemantic interpretation.45.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articlesand pronouns.46.lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action andquality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.47.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such asnouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.48.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining theinitial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.49.loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,insome cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.50.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fullyborrowed.51.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.52.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavilymodified headword.53.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.54.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting animagined affix from a long form already in the language.55.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is morespecifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.56.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so thatthe sounds become less alike,or different.57.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation ofthe origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous58.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts ofspeech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.59.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of thetruth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connectionbetween them.60.Proposition:what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do withreference.61.predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.62.assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of oneelement change to match those of another that precedes or follows.63.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a“recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistionelement”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.64.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding wordsprovide an appropriate context for it.65.frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its morefrequent usage in language.66.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone hassaid,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinarysense,e.g.in a specific context.67.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understandeach word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.nguage comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies theunderstanding of language.nguage production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde tomake friends,influence people,convey information and so on.71.lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,wherea bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.72.macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.73.modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,eachgoverned by its own principles and operating independently of others.74.parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionallye.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.75.propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property ofpropositions that they have truth values.76.psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguisticstructure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).77.psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures representedin the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.78.schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.79.story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.80.writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng.municative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set ofrules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.82.gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”83.linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determinesthought.84.linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to thestructural diversity of languages.85.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about bynothing less than women’s place in society.86.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look atstructural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.87.sociolinguistics of society:one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understandsociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.88.variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’socialstarts and phonological variations.89.performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to aconstative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.90.constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.91.locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means ofsyntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense andreference.92.illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’sintention.93.perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequenceof,or the change brought about by the utterance.94.conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandableto the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.95.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.”Maryis running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.96.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.municative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates thepresumption of its own optimal relevance.。