6. 宣讲
1）考虑你的书面文字材料的总体格式 2） 校对疏忽大意所造成的语法错误 3） 即便是你已经检查了你的文本材料， 也 要检查其中的词汇拼写错误
第二章: 学术写作的两个基本结构
（1）泛论-特指(GS) （2）问题-过程-解决方法(PS) 1.泛论-特指文本写作 for three reasons GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始 1. 简短或拓展定义 2. 对比或比较定义 3. 一般化或目标性陈述 4. 事实陈述
F. 在定义中不要使用when 和where
2) 拓展定义 拓展定义通常以一个泛论开始 --- 一个句子定义， 然后随着额外信息的给出变得更加具体。 Key to Exercise on P. 25 1. components and type 2. example 3. history 4. application 拓展定义也可包括过程分析或因果及其它特色如 罕见性、成本 Key to Exercise on P. 27 4-1-7-2-5-6-3
4. precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from 5. This sentence cannot be reduced. 6. flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher 7. a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective transport 8. a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass
(3) 词或词形变换 在下列情况下，你可以减少关系代词 A. 定语从句含有动词have。这时关系代词和ave 都省略掉，用with代替。 B. 定义从句含有主动态状态动词。(这时关系代 词省略掉，动词变成-ing形式；但be和have除 外。) C. 定语从句含有的情态助动词不可省略
Key to Exercise on P. 23 1. metal that is often used —> metal often used 2. device that is capable of —> device capable of 3. roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
Key to Exercise A: P.18
1. 1) Meetings of tourism and its importance a. Size of meetings b. Locations of meetings 2) Importance of meetings tourism in postindustrial urban renewal a. Growth in the meetings tourism market in the U.S. b. Growthrtance of meetings tourism in comparison to leisure tourism in Europe
7. These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota. 8. Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. 5. 表达连贯 Key to Exercise on P. 12 For example; because; because of this; so that; more…than…; However
3) 竞争性定义 竞争性定义承认一些不同的定义，然后向读者 陈述清晰你所采纳的定义。 4) 对比性定义 Key to Exercise on P. 29 The former deals with a right that grants…while the latter is concerned with a copyright– a form of protection that… Key to Exercise on P. 29 The whole passage seems like neither a competing nor a contrastive definition. Instead, it’s an extended definition.
1) 连接词与词组 Key to Exercise on P. 13 A. sentence 2: For example sentence 4: While / Although sentence 6: therefore ; hence / thus B. sentence 2: however ; thus sentence 3: while / whereas sentence 4: Although / Even though sentence 6: For example
4. Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground 5. To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual. 6. Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material.
第二部分: 学术英语写作
第一章: 学术写作的六个考虑因素
audience、purpose and strategy、 organization、style、flow、presentation
4. 文体特征
学术写作的突出特征就是选用更加正式的 词汇 1) 动词 学术英语写作中通常使用单一动词
3) 正规的语法风格 (1) 一般来讲避免使用略缩词 (2) 使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式 (3) 限制使用多个词连用的表达法 (4) 避免向读者说“你” (5) 使用直接引语时需谨慎 (6) 将副词放于动词词组内 (7) 考虑是否该使用割裂不定式 (8)目的是为了有效地使用词汇
D. 关系代词前有介词时，这类定语从句不删 减
E. Whereby常用于正式写作中来代替by which, by means of which, through which
Key to Exercise on P. 24 1. with 2. in 3. to 4. from 5. in 6. around 7. in 8. in
1) 正式的句子定义
(1)
a single verb phrase a class term or restrictive clause
正式的句子定义要素 常见的超级坐标词/类标词有：class word technique, method, process, device, system (2) 删除 在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词 A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、to be动词、一个 或 多个介词短语 B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容 词和额外的信息
2) this + 总结性词汇 Key to Exercise on P. 15 1. b. d. 2. a. 3. d. Key to Exercise on P. 15 1. view 2. finding 3. problem 4. process 5. disruption
6. situation 7. method / approach 8. conclusion 9. phenomenon 10. trend / tendency
Contents
Part I and Part II
Exam
卷面80%， 平时成绩：20%
Examination for Post Graduate English in Academic Writing
Part I. Multiple Choice 40% A: Academically acceptable sentence B: Syntactically or grammatically correct sentence C: Academically unacceptable or syntactically /grammatically incorrect sentence D: Common basic and academic writing knowledge test Part II: Cloze 15% Part III: Passage in logical order 30% Part IV: English Writing 15%
3. S5: In other words S6: therefore S7: on the other hand S8: for example S9: In other words S16: For instance The purpose is either for explanation / exemplification or to indicate contrasts among the competing theories. 4. There are a number of possibilities: perhaps a discussion of the writer's own theory of humor in which flaws in the other theories are presented. Perhaps an expansion of one of the theories; most likely an analysis of a humorous situation 'play, hook, movie, or something else), using each of the competing theories or demonstrating how they do not always work.