20Hale Waihona Puke 0/6/252020/6/25
铁氧还蛋白 质体蓝素
Oxygen-evolving complex 放氧复合体 Water splitting complex
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Four Photons Are Required to Generate One Oxygen Molecule.
蓝细菌的光合过程与真核生物相似 紫色硫细菌(purple-sulfur bacteria) 绿色硫细菌(green-sulfur bacteria)
CO２+2H２S→(CH２O)+2S+H２O 光下同化CO２而没有O２的释放 1931 C.B.Van Niel 光合作用的通式：
CO２+2H２A→(CH２O)+2A+H２O 光合作用，是指光养生物利用光能把CO２合成有机物的过程
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1. Introduction 2. 2. Photophosphorylation 3 . Carbon-assimilation - Assimination of CO2
C3 pathway Photorespiration C4 / CAM Pathways
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光合作用三个阶段 1.光能的吸收、传递和转换成电能---原初反应 2.电能转变为活跃化学能---电子传递和光合磷酸化 3.活跃的化学能转变为稳定的化学能---碳同化
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The light reactions of photosynthesis generate energy rich NADPH and ATP at the expense of solar energy.
无机物------有机物 carbon reenters the biosphere (from CO2) 水----------氧气 the major source of oxygen. 光合作用是生物界获得能量、食物以及氧气的根本途径，
“地球上最重要的化学反应”
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细菌光合作用 photosynthetic bacteria 蓝细菌、紫细菌和绿细菌等
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•Light reactions of photosynthesis---directly dependent on the absorption of light the resulting photochemistry takes electrons from H2O and drives them through a series of membrane-bound carriers, producing NADPH and ATP.
Carbon-assimilation -- reactions of photosynthesis reduce CO2 with electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP.
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模拟光合作用储存太阳能 2008年8月22日，美国麻省理工学院化学家丹尼尔·诺切拉 （DanielNocera）和马修·卡纳安 （MatthewKanan）在《科 学》上撰文宣布，他们发明了一种制作简单、价格低廉的催化 剂，能将水分子分解为氢气和氧气。
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Cyanobacteria.蓝藻A colony of the photosynthetic filamentous
cyanobacteria Anabaen 项圈藻.
Ancestors of these bacteria are thought to have evolved into present-day chloroplasts.
1. Introduction
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Solar energy -----ultimate source of all biological energy.
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Photosynthetic catastropheIf photosynthesis were to cease, all higher forms of life would be extinct in about 25 years.
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光合作用(photosynthesis):绿色植物吸收光能，把二氧 化碳和水合成有机物，同时释放氧气的过程。
太阳能------可贮存的化学能energy from light is harvested to
provide carbohydrates for energy production
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Electron transfer chains
In Plants, there are two pathways: Noncyclic electron transfer, “Z scheme” : involves PSI & PSII. the pathway of electron transfer from H2O to NADP. Cyclic electron transfer: involves only PSI; electrons return via the cyclic pathway to PSI, instead of reducing NADP to NADPH.
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The Chloroplast
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chloroplast envelope:控制物质的进出，维持光合作用 的微环境 Stroma: 碳同化的场所 Thylakoid:光反应的场所 单层膜围起的扁平小囊，膜厚度5～7nm，囊腔(lumen)空 间为10nm左右 基 质 类 囊 体 ( stroma thylakoid)/ 基 质 片 层 ( stroma lamella)，伸展在基质中彼此不重叠 基 粒 类 囊 体 ( grana thlylakoid)/ 基 粒 片 层 ( grana lamella)