益处； 4、工作态度：翻译“三校”、“错误率”原则上不
超万 分之五。
5、熟悉基本的翻译技巧
小结：
翻译人员必须做到： 1.严谨的工作态度 2.扎实的语言功底 3.广博的知识面 4.较强的思辨能力和记忆力 5.熟练的翻译技巧
第二章： 翻译的基础知识与技巧
翻译的历史：翻译的历史可以说几乎同语言的历史一样 古老。我们可以肯定地说，什么时候有了一个民族或 部落同另个民族和部落的接触，什么时候就有了翻译。 西方自一世际，中国自商周时期就开始有了跨语言翻 译。
In terms of materials 1. Scientific materials 2. Translation of literary works 3. Translation of political essays 4. Business Translation 5. Translation of practical writing In terms of disposal 1. full-text translation 2. abridged translation 3. adapted translation
使译文读者在读译文时，和原文读者在读原文时 有着大体相同的感受 natural / close; dynamic / functional equivalence
苏联 费道罗夫：等值论 与原文作用相符（表达方面的等值）
译者选用的语言材料的等值（语言和文等值）
过去的翻译标准
早在汉朝和唐朝，中国翻译史就有过关于翻 译标准的“文”与“质”之争，主张“文”的翻 译家们强调翻译修辞和通顺，强调翻译的可读性。 主张“质”的翻家们则强调翻译的不增不减，强 调翻译的忠实性这实际上是意译与直译之争。
Practice in Class
• We wish to establish relations with you. • First, he had to establish his credentials as a
teacher. • It will be essential to establish how the
论述文体、新闻文体和艺术文体 4.翻译活动的处理方式：全译、摘译、编译、
辑译和译述。
1.2 翻译的基本标准
• 国内： 严复(1853-1921)：信、达、雅
Triple Principle of Translation ⊙信：(faithfulness)忠实于原文/忠实准确 ⊙达：(expressiveness)文笔流畅/通顺流畅 ⊙雅：(elegance)文风典雅/文字古雅（士大夫）
A Practical Translation Course for College Students
教案1
Translation before class
There was a man who had worked at a factory for twenty years. Every night when he left the plant, he would push a wheelbarrow full of straw to the guard at the gate. The guard would look through the straw, and find nothing and pass the man through. On the day of his retirement the man came to the guard as usual but without the wheelbarrow. Having become friends over the years, the guard asked him, "Charlie, I've seen you walk out of here every night for twenty years. I know you've been stealing something. Now that you're retired, tell me what it is. It's driving me crazy." Charlie simply smiled and replied, "Okay, wheelbarrows!"
1.1 翻译的概念及重要性
Scope of translation
In terms of language 1. Native languages into foreign languages 2. Foreign languages into native languages
In terms of the mode 1. Oral interpretation 2. Written translation 3. Machine translation
• 中国发展职业教育是很重要的。中国劳动力面临着 两个问题：素质低和缺乏熟练的技术工人。这些问 题大大影响了中国的创新，导致产品档次低，能量 消耗高，工业事故频繁发生。
Practice after Class
• A blind boy sat on the steps of a building with a hat by his feet. He held up a sign which said: "I am blind, please help." There were only a few coins in the hat. A man was walking by. He took a few coins from his pocket and dropped them into the hat. He then took the sign, turned it around, and wrote some words. He put the sign back so that everyone who walked by would see the new words. Soon the hat began to fill up. A lot more people were giving money to the blind boy. That afternoon the man who had changed the sign came to see how things were. The boy recognized his footsteps and asked," Were you the one who changed my sign this morning? What did you write?" The man said, "I only wrote the truth. I said what you said, but in a different way. I wrote: 'Today is a beautiful day, but I cannot see it.'" Both signs told people that the boy was blind. But the first sign simply said the boy was blind. The second sign told people that they were so lucky that they were not blind. Should we be surprised that the second sign was more effective?
• They hoped to locate in Chicago. • We've simply been unable to locate him. • The head company decided to locate in
Qingdao. • 他们希望在芝加哥定居。 • 我们就是没办法找到他。 • 总公司决定设在青岛。
• 国外 英国 泰特勒 Tytler --《论翻译的原则》 翻译中的三项基本原则： 一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想
（相当于“信”） 二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同
（相当于“雅”） 三、译文应和原作同样流畅
（相当于“达”）
美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论 忠实原文；易于理解；形式恰当；吸引读者
经是白发苍苍了。
2.1 词汇的理解 专业知识、文化背景
What do you see as the future trends for the industry? 你如何看待将来这个行业的发展趋势？
But the industry is not without its problems. 但是，这种产业并不是没有它的问题。
No one doubted his ability, his industry or his integrity. 没人怀疑他的能力、勤奋和正直。
It was Friday and soon they’d go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街区喝得酩酊大醉。
这 两条翻译标准，切实做到原文内容与译文形式的辩证 统一。
1.3 译者的基本素质
决定翻译质量的四个因素（factors)： 1、外语水平：语音、语法和词汇；在外译汉中，重
要体现在理解上，如：once in a blue moon等； 2、母语水平：翻译中最被忽视的问题；在翻译
中，重要体现在表达上，如：So it is now or never. 3、知识水平：历地、文化、宗教等对理解和表达有
money is being spent. • 我们希望同贵公司建立业务关系。 • 首先，他得证明自己做老师的资格。 • 查清楚这笔钱将作何用途至关重要。
Practice in Class