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2
1.1
Historical Perspective
Bronze Age 3500 BC Iron Age 2.5 Million BC
Stone Age 2.5 Million BC
Early civlizations have been designated by the level of their materials development.
Natural polymers
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Man-made polymers
9
1.3
Property Comparisons - Density
Archimdes Principle
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1.3
Property Comparisons - Strength
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11
1.3
Property Comparisons - Toughness
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12
1.3
Property Comparisons - Elastic Modules
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13
1.3
Property Comparisons - E Conductivity
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Permission to use this photograph has been applying to the Coca-Cola Company.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Classification of three primary classification of solid materials
Enginnering:
Microscale: Microstructures, atomic arrangement, ect.
Please make them reliable!!!
Vs.
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1.2
Classification of Materials
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure. Most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes.
Be able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to the changes in predetermined manners - traits that are also found in living organisms.
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1.2
Classification - Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong. In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture. These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and some of the oxide ceramics exhibit magnetic behavior.
2. Biomaterials
implanted into human bodies for replacement of damaged body parts.
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3. Materials of the Future
(1) Smart Materials (or System)
Learning Objectives
After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine their applications. 2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, and utilization of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationship between these components. 3. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite the distinctive chemical feature of each. (b) Note the two types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s). 4. (a) Briefly define "smart material/system." (b) Briefly explain the concept of "nanotechnology" as it applies to materials. 5. Cite three criteria are important in the materials selection process.
Metals(/Alloy)
Ceramics
Polymers
by Chemical Makeup & Atomic Structure
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1.2
Classification - Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts. Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and are relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff, strong, ductile, which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications.
14
1.4
Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications are termed advanced materials.
1. Semiconductors
electrical properties intermediated betwee conductors and insulators.
A
familiar item that is fabricated from three different material types the beverage containers. Beverages are ma rketed in alumin um can s (metal), glass bottles (ceramic), and plastic bottles (Polymer).
Do you know, they are also ceramics
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1.2
Classification - Polymer
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (viz.O, N, and Si). They have very large molecular structures,often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. These materials typically have low densities, appeared not stiff, not strong. However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffnesses and strengths on a per mass. In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable, which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.