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高中化学竞赛辅导无机化学16.2配位化合物的同分异构现象知识点素材

§16-2 配位化合物的同分异构现象The Isomerism of Complexes一、总论:1.Definition:凡是化学组成相同的若干配合物,因原子间的连接方式或空间排列方式的不同而引起的结构和性质不同的现象,称为配合物的同分异构现象(isomerism)。

2.Classification(1) 化学结构异构现象(chemical structure isomerism):化学组成相同,原子间的连接方式不同而引起的异构现象,称为化学结构异构现象。

例如:[Co(NH3)5(NO2)]2+和 [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]2+(2) 立体异构现象(stereo isomerism):化学组成相同,空间排列不同而引起的异构现象,称为立体异构现象。

例如:Pt(NH3)2Cl2cis–二氯·二氨合铂(II)trans - 二氯·二氨合铂(II)二、化学结构异构现象,大致分为五类:Ionization isomerism, Hydrate isomerism, Linkage isomerism, Coordination isomerism,Polymerization isomerism. 1.Ionization isomerism(1) Two coordination compounds which differ in the distribution of ionsbetween those directly coordinated and counter-ions present in the crystal lattice are called ionization isomers.(2) e.g. [Cr(NH 3)5Br]SO 4 and [Cr(NH 3)5SO 4]Br 2.Hydrate isomerism (Solvent isomerism)(1) Hydrate isomerism is similar to ionization isomerism except that anuncharged ligand changes from being coordinated to a free-lattice position whilst another ligand moves in the opposite sense.(2) e.g. [Cr(H 2O)6]Cl 3 ,[Cr(H 2O)5Cl]Cl 2·H 2O ,[Cr(H 2O)4Cl 2]Cl ·2H 2O 3.Linkage isomerism(1) The first example of this type of isomerism was provided by J φrgensen,W erner’scontemporary. His method of preparation was as follows :A"solution "Cl]Cl )[Co(NH 23N aN O H ClN H 253−−−→−−−→−−−→− red Co(ONO)]Cl )[(NH A"solution "253cold in stand let −−−−−→− yellow )]Cl Co(NO )[(NH A"solution "2253H Cl conc heat −−−→−−−→−⋅(2) It deals with a few ligands (ambidenatate) that are capable of bondingthrough are type of donor atom in one situation not a different atom in another complex. Some authors refer to this type of isomerism as “structura l i somerism” but inasmuch as all isomerism is basically “structural” , the term linkage isomerism is preferable.(3) e.g. +252SCN]O)[Cr(H and +252NCS]O)Cr(H [ +]SSO )Co(NH [353 and +S]OSO )[Co(NH 253 4.Coordination isomerism(1) This may occur only when the cation and anion of a salt are bothcomplexes, the two isomers differing in the distribution of ligands between the cation and anion(2) e.g. ]Cr(Ox)][)Co(NH [363 and ]][Co(Ox))[Cr(NH 363 ]][Cr(SCN))[Cr(NH 663 and](SCN))][Cr(NH (SCN))[Cr(NH 423243]PtCl ][)[Pt(NH 643 and ]][PtCl Cl )[Pt(NH 4243(3) Coordination position isomerismIn this form of isomerism the distribution of ligands between two coordination centers differs e.g. and5.Polymerization isomerism(1) Strictly speaking, polymerization isomerism, in which n varies in thecomplex [ML m ]n is not isomerism. It is included in this list because it represents on additional way in which an empirical formula may give incomplete information about the nature of a complex.(2) For example, all members of the following series are polymerization isomers:])(NO )[Co(NH 3233 1=n ])Co(NO ][)Co(NH [62632=n ])(NO )][Co(NH )(NO )Co(NH [42232243 2=n24223253])(NO ))][Co(NH (NO )Co(NH [ 3=n 3422363])(NO )][Co(NH )Co(NH [ 4=n 2623253])Co(NO [)](NO )Co(NH [ 5=n三、立体异构现象 (Stereo Isomerism ) 1.几何异构现象 (Geometrical isomerism )(1) 配合物的配位数与几何构型的关系 (The relationship betweencoordination number of complexes and geometrical structure.)a .两配位:直线型 (linear) +23)Ag(NH 、-2CuClb .三配位:平面三角型 (triangle) -][HgI 3c .四配位:平面四方 (square planar) -24PtCl ; 正四面体 (tetrahedron)-24Zn(CN)d .五配位:三角双锥 (trigonal bipyramid) +])[Co(NCCH 53、+I]Cu(dipy)[2四方锥 (square pyramid) ][VO(acac)2e .六配位:正八面体 (octahed ron) 6SF 、-6PCl三棱柱 (trigonal prism) ])ph C [Re(S 3222f .七配位:五角双锥 (pentagonal bipyramid) ][ZrF Na 73带帽三棱柱 (the one-face centred trigonal prism) ][ZrF )(NH 734带帽八面体 (the one-face centred octahedron)g .八配位:立方体 (cube) 88H C (立方烷)四方反棱柱(square anti prism ) ]Zr(acac)[4 十二面体(dodecahedron ) 44[Zr(ox)]-[ (NH 3)4Co OO Co(NH 3)2Cl 2 ]2+HH[ Cl(NH 3)3Co O O Co(NH 3)3Cl ]2+HH我们将讨论四、五、六配位配合物的几何异构现象(2) 决定配合物几何异构体数目的因素:a .空间构型:例如正四面体几何构型不存在几何异构体。

这是因为正四面体的四个顶点是等价的。

空间构型中等价点越多,几何异构体越少。

b .配体种类:在配合物中配体种类越多,几何异构体越多。

例如,八面体配合物:Ma 6(一种),Mabcdef (15种) (a 、b 、c 、d 、e 、f 为单齿配体) c .配体的齿数:双齿配体的两个配位原子只能放置在结构中的邻位位置上,不能放置在对位位置上(跨度大,环中张力太大),即: d .多齿配体中配位原子的种类(及环境):种类越多, 环境越复杂,几何异构体越多。

(3) 几种常见配位数的配合物的几何异构现象 a .四配位:(i) 正四面体:不存在几何异构体(ii) 平面四方:M — 中心体,— 双齿配体 ,a, b, c — 单齿配体。

-cis -trans b .五配位:c .六配位:只讨论正八面体几何构型: +]Cl )[Co(NH 243]O)(H RuCl [323-cis -t r a n s -fac -mer(4) 确定几何异构体的方法 −− 直接图示法a .只有单齿配体的配合物 以Ma 2cdef 为例 (9种): 第一步,先确定相同单齿配体的位置M O O C COO NH 3CoNH 3H 3N Cl H 3N Cl Co Cl H 3N NH 33H 3N Cl Ru OH 2H 2O Cl H 2O OH 2Ru OH 2Cl Cl OH 2Cl M aa① ②第二步,再确定其他配体的位置 ① (6种): ② (3种):b .既有单齿配体,又有双齿配体的配合物 以M(AB)2ef 为例 (6种) 第一步,先固定双齿的位置②第二步,确定双齿配体中配位原子的位置.①②第三步,最后确定单齿配体的位置.2.配合物的光学异构现象(Optical isomerism of coordination compounds )(1) 光学异构体定义a .手性分子(chiral molecular ):当两个分子的对称性互为人的左右手的对称关系,即为镜面对称关系,但它们不能相互重合,则称这两个分子为手性分子,手性分子也称一对对映体(enantiomer )。

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