第10章福利国家I.Explain each of the following in English:1.The welfare state【答案】(1)Britain is a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure,as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment,old age,sickness or over—large families.(2)The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed,or unable to earn because they are old or sick.(3)Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service.(4)Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum standard.2.The retirement pension【答案】(1)It may be received by any man from the age of65(provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund if he ceases to work,and by any woman from the age of60.(2)A man who continues to work after the age of65gets no pension at first, but when he is over70he gets a bigger pension.(3)People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are working.(4)There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement pensions.3.A life-insurance policy【答案】(1)It is a kind of policy any person can take with an insurance company.(2)It can be devised so as to suit the policy-taker’s needs.(3)It usually gives the policy-taker a fixed sum of money at the age of sixty.(4)It is a non-state method of providing for retirement pensions.4.Family allowances【答案】(1)They are paid directly out of public money contributed by taxpayers.(2)For the first child of a family,nothing is paid,but an allowance is made for all children after the first.(3)The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax.(4)There are special payments for widows who have children.5.Unemployment payments【答案】(1)Unemployment payments are received by people who become unemployed or unable to work because of sickness.(2)People receive unemployment payments at the same rate as the retirement pensioners.(3)The amount of time for which a person is entitled to receive these benefits depends on the length of time for which he has already been paying contributions into the insurance fund.(4)If a person becomes unable to work because of accidental injury at work or the conditions of his work,he will receive more payments.6.Supplementary benefits【答案】It is used for paying out benefits to people who are unemployed,or unable to earn because they are old or sick.Secondly,free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service,which is financed partly by weekly contributions paid by people who are working,but mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation.7.‘Meals on wheels’【答案】(1)It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public-spirited people.(2)Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples’homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations,using their own cars.8.The National Health Service【答案】(1)It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament.(2)It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospitaland outside.(3)It is financed partly by weekly contributions paid by people who are working, but mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation.(4)People are not obliged to use the service provided.(5)The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.II.Fill in the blanks:1.In Britain,if a person becomes unemployed or unable to work because of sickness,he receives payments from_____.【答案】the insurance fund【解析】作为福利国家，英国人失业或因故无法工作可从保险基金中获得补偿。
2.An allowance is made for all children after_____.【答案】the first【解析】英国的儿童福利规定，第一个孩子每周都有补助，可以一直领到16岁。
3.Many people who have enough money prefer to be private patients,either because_____,or because they_____,or because_____.【答案】they do not like to join the common herd;think that they can in that way establish a more personal relationship with the doctor;if they are seriously ill or need an operation,they want to choose for themselves which specialist or surgeon will treat them.【解析】许多有钱的英国人想要有属于自己的私人医生，因为他们不想和普通人一样；他们可以与医生建立更多的私人关系；如果他们病得很重或者需要手术，他们想自己选择哪一个专家或外科医生来治疗他们。
4.In England,the organization of the National Health Service is divided into_____, each with_____,and_____.【答案】14Regions;a University medical school;72Areas【解析】英国国家医疗服务体系分为十四个地区，每个地区拥有一所大学医学院和72个小社区。
5.The retirement pension may be received by any man from65or a woman form 60provided he or she_____【答案】ceases to work.【解析】女人60岁，男人65岁后有权拿到国家退休金，但是以他们停止工作为前提。