第13章综合技能13.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Reasons for integrating the four skills整合四项技能的原因2. Ways to integrate the four skills整合这四项技能的方法3.Implications for teaching整合这四项技能对教学的启示4. Limitations of integrating the four skills整合这四项技能的缺陷本章考点：整合四项技能的原因；如何整合这四项技能；整合这四项技能对教学的启示；整合这四项技能的缺陷。

本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Reasons for integrating the four skillsⅡ. Ways to integrate the four skillsⅢ. Implications for teaching1. Focus on discourse2. Adjusting the textbook contents3. Adjusting the timetableⅣ. Limitations of integrating the four skillsⅤ. ConclusionⅠ. Reasons for integrating the four skills|（整合四项技能的原因）【考点：整合四项技能的原因】In our daily lives, we are constantly performing tasks that involve a natural integration of language skills simply because skills are rarely used in isolation. One’s overall competence in a foreign language involves performing effectively a combination of the skills.我们在现实生活中完成的任务需要综合四项技能。

外语综合能力要求整合四项语言技能。

Integrating the skills allows you to build more variety into the lesson because the range of activities will be wider. Instead of just having listening, the students can have speaking, reading and writing practice. This can raise their motivation to learn English.将四项技能整合起来可以让老师的课程更多样化，因为活动的种类更多。

除了听，学生可以练习口语、阅读和写作。

这可以增强他们学习英语的动机。

Realistic communication is the aim of the communicative approach and many researchers believe that handling realistic communication is an integral part ofessential conditions for language learning.实际生活中的交流是交际法的目标，许多研究者认为真实的交流是学习语言必不可少的条件之一。

Integrating the four skills emphasizes the focus on realistic language and can therefore lead to the students’all-round development of communicative competence in English.综合四项技能强调语言的实际使用，因此可以培养学生的交际能力。

Ⅱ. Ways to integrate the four skills（整合这四项技能的方法）【考点：如何整合这四项技能】The easiest form of integration is within the same medium （either oral or written）, from receptive to productive skills.最简单的整合方式在同一媒介内部（口语或书面语）的整合，从接受技能到产出技能。

In other words, we would use a listening text as a model for the students’speaking, and a reading text as a model for the students’writing. This is common practice among teachers, and we will call it simple integration.换句话说，我们会把听力文本用作口语的范例，把一篇阅读性的文字用作写作的范例。

老师们经常这样做，我们称其为简单整合。

The second kind is complex integration. This involves constructing a series of activities that use a variety of skills. In each of the activities, there is realistic, communicative use of language.另一种是复杂整合。

这包括使用多种技能设计一系列活动，其中每个活动都包含真实的交流。

Ⅲ. Implications for teaching（四项技能的整合对教学的启示）【考点：整合这四项技能对教学的启示】Integration of the four skills is concerned with realistic communication. We are teaching at the discourse level, not just at the level of sentences or individual words and phrases. Discourse is a whole unit of communicative text, either spoken or written.四项技能的整合与实际沟通紧密相关。

我们在话语的层面进行教学，而不仅仅是单词、句子和短语层面。

语篇无论口头还是书面，都是一个完整的交际文本。

1. Focus on discourse （关注话语）The main implication for teaching is that we need to be aware of the discourse features of a text and to be able to make students aware of them.教师要理解文本的话语特征并要让学生们也意识到话语特征，它们包括：Discourse features include aspects such as:话语特征包括：①the way that the text is organized;文本的组织形式；②its layout （for written text）;文本的布局（书面文本）；③the style of the language （formal or informal）;语言风格（正式与非正式）；④the register （the vocabulary that is commonly found in such discourse）.语域（此类话语中常见词汇）。

Oral language tends to be less structured than written text, but there are some discourse features that we can teach our students.相对于书面语，口语的结构性特征不明显，但其中也有一些话语特征可以教给学生。

2. Adjusting the textbook contents（调整教材内容）As teachers, we have to use our professional judgement, based on our knowledge of the students, to decide how much detail we should include in our lesson. It is important to find a balance.教师应基于学生的知识，利用自己的专业判断来决定课堂上需注意的细节。

重要的是要找到一种平衡。

Another aspect of our teaching that requires attention if we adopt an integrated approach is the use of the textbook.在使用整合法时还需要注意使用课本。

3. Adjusting the timetable（调整时间表）There are also practical implications for integrating the four skills. One is related to timetabling.四项技能整合的实际启示之一就是时间表的调整。

We have to make the timetable arrangements more flexible so that we can integrate the skills better.时间表的安排应更加灵活，以便更好地整合各项技能。

Ⅳ. Limitations of integrating the four skills（整合这四项技能的缺陷）【考点：整合这四项技能的缺陷】①Integrating the four language skills can be demanding of the teacher. Thiscan also be time-consuming, requiring a lot of preparation.对老师要求高、耗时、需要大量准备。

②Another limitation is the problem of designing suitable materials that takeinto account students’different skill levels.需要考虑学生的不同能力，需设计合适的材料。