英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分:grammatical elements1.1词素:morpheme1.2.词:word1.3.短语:phrase1.4.分句:clause1.5.句子:sentence2.动词的种类:type of verb2.1.动词的特征:2.1.1时态的变化tense,2.1.2.语态的变化voice,语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类:2.1.3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood2.1.3.2.祈使语气imperative mood2.1.3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood.2.2动词的分类2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化,并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词(-ing participle,-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle)、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive),它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。
2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb)和助动词auxiliary verb(又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary;情态助动词modal auxiliary) (情态动词modal verb属于助动词。
)2.2.3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种)SVCs:主语+连系动词+主语补足语SV:主语+不及物动词SVO:主语+单及物动词+宾语SVOiOd:主语+ 双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语SVOCo:主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(补充说明宾语)2.4.动词短语:一般分三类:动词+副词,动词+介词,动词+副词+介词。
3.动词的时态(verb tense)3.1.一般现在时:the simple present tense3.2.一般过去时:the simple past tense 3.3.一般将来时:the simple future tense 3.4.现在进行时:the present progressive tense3.5.过去进行时:the past progressive tense3.6.将来进行时:the future progressive tense3.7.现在完成时:the present perfect tense3.8.过去完成时:the past perfect tense 3.9.将来完成时:the future perfect tense3.10.现在完成进行时:the present perfect progressive tense3.11.过去完成进行时:the past perfect progressive tense3.12.将来完成进行时:the future perfect progressive tense3.13.一般过去将来时:the past future tense3.14.过去将来进行时:the past future progressive tense3.15.过去将来完成时:the past future perfect tense3.16.过去将来完成进行时:the past future perfect progressive tense4.名词noun4.1.不同的角度有不同的分类:4.1.1.根据构造:简单名词simple noun,复合名词compound noun和派生名词derivative noun4.1.2.根据词汇意义:专有名词proper noun和普通名词common noun4. 1.3.根据语法功能:可数名词count noun/countable noun和不可数名词non-count noun/uncountable noun/mass noun4.2.名词的性4.2.1.阴性feminine4.2.2.阳性masculine4.2.3.中性neuter4.2.4.通性common gender4.3.名词的格:4.3.1.普通格common case4.3.2.属格genitive case又称所有格possessive case可分为:4.3.2.1.独立属格也称省略属格independent genitive4.3.2.2.后置属格4.3.2.3.双重属格5限定词determiner,具体包括:5.1.冠词article5.2.指示代词demonstrative pronoun5.3.物主代词possessive pronoun5.4.名词属格5.5.不定代词indefinite pronoun5.6.关系代词relative pronoun5.7.疑问代词interrogative pronoun5.8.数量代词quantifiers5.9一些词组,如a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a large number of, a small amount of, a large quantity of等。
6.代词pronoun主要有两大类:6.1.定指代词definite pronoun包括: 6.1.1.人称代词personal pronoun6.1.2.物主代词possessive pronoun6.1.3.反身代词reflexive pronoun6.1.4.指示代词demonstrative pronoun 6.1.5.相互代词reciprocal pronoun6.1.6.关系代词relative pronoun6.1.7.疑问代词interrogative pronoun 6.2.不定指代词indefinite pronoun包括 6.2.1.普遍代词universal pronoun6.2.2.部分代词partitive pronoun6.2.3.数量代词quantifiers7.数词numeral7.1.基数词cardinal numbers7.2.序数词ordinal numbers7.3.倍数词multiplicative numbers8.主谓一致(subject-verb concord)的基本原则8.1.语法一致原则grammatical concord 8.2.意义一致原则notional concord8.3.就近原则proximity principle9.形容词adjective根据形容词的构成和功能的不同,可分为:9.1.单个形容词one-word-adjective和复合形容词compound adjective9.2.中心形容词central adjective和外围形容词peripheral adjective9.3.动态形容词dynamic adjective和静态形容词stative adjective9.4.等级形容词gradable adjective和非等级形容词non-gradable adjective9.5.有标记形容词marked adjective和无标记形容词unmarked adjective9.6.特征性形容词intrinsic adjective 和非特征性形容词non-intrinsic adjective10.副词adverb,种类有:10.1.简单副词simple adverb和派生副词derivative adverb10.2.时间副词adverb of time,地点副词adverb of place,方式副词adverb of manner,频度副词adverb of frequency,程度副词adverb of degree和焦点副词adverb of focus.10.3.修饰性副词adjunctive adverb,评助性副词disjunctive adverb和连接性副词conjunctive adverb.10.4.关系副词relative adverb,疑问副词interrogative adverb,解说副词explanatory adverb和感叹副词exclamatory adverb.11.比较结构comparison construction11.1.原形positive/absolute degree11.2.比较级comparative degree11.3.最高级superlative degree12.介词preposition12.1.简单介词simple preposition12.2.复杂介词complex preposition13.基本句型basic sentence13.1.1.肯定陈诉句positive statement 13.1.2.否定陈诉句negative statement:13.1.3.存在句existential sentence 13.2.疑问句:英语中有四种疑问句。
13.2.1.一般疑问句general question.13.2.2.特殊疑问句special question13.2.3.附加疑问句tag question13.2.4.选择疑问句alternative question13.3.感叹句:how+...;what+….。
有两种英语中感叹句:一种以what开头,后接名词短语;另一种以how 开头,后接形容词或副词。
强调句中,被what或how强调的部分提前,而句子的其他部分保持陈诉句语序,即“what/how+被强调部分+主语+谓语”。
例如:What a happy life we are living now! What a brave man he is! What a good dinner she cooked! How wonderful she plays the violin! How beautifully the girl dances! how 也可以用来强调谓语,这时谓语不提前。
例如:How fine flies! How we long for theday! How I wish you would come! 在口语中,我们经常只有what或how+强调部分构成省略的感叹句。