会计报表中英文对照Accounting1.Financial reporting（财务报告） includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly,to the information provided by a business enterprise’s accounting system----that is,information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations, earnings,etc.2.Objectives of financial reporting:财务报告的目标Financial reporting should:(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows.(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设(1) Economic entity assumption会计主体假设This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.(2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.(3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be dividedinto artificial time periods.The most typical time segment = Calendar YearNext most typical time segment =Fiscal Year(4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed interms of money be included in the accounting records,and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.In essence,this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.This assumption provides support for the "Historical Cost" principle.4.Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计5.Qualitative characteristics 会计信息质量特征(1) Reliability可靠性For accounting information to be reliable,it must be dependable andtrustworthy.Accounting information is reliable to the extend that it is:Verifiable:means that information has been objectively determined,arrived at, or created.More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion.Representationally faithful: that something is what it is represented to be. For example,if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company,is in working condition,and is currently being used to support the revenuegenerating activities of the company.Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices,and without bias.(2) Relevance相关性Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions ofusers by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present,or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value).(3) Understandability 可理解性Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting,and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning.(4) Comparability可比性Comparability:suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable ofbeing compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices.Consistency:suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore,if the dollar amount reportedfor a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount.(5) Substance over form 实质重于形式Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even thoughits legal form may provide a different result.It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.(6) Materiality重要性Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entity’s financial report.Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or misstatement.Deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise.(7) Conservatism谨慎性Conservatism dictates that when in doubt,choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilities and expenses. (8) Timeliness及时性Timeliness means having information available to decision makers before itloses its capacity to influence decisions.If information becomes availableonly after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity toinfluence that decision and thus lacks relevance.6. Basic accounting elements 基本会计要素(1) Asset资产An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise.(2) Liability负债A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise.A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circumstances.Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognizedas liabilities.(3) owners’equity 所有者权益Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.Owners’ equity of a company is also known as shareholders’equity.(4) Revenue收入Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than thoserelating to contributions from owners.(5) Expense费用Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners’equity,other thanthose relating to appropriations of profits to owners.(6) Profit利润Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc. 7. Five measurement attributes 会计计量属性(1) Historical cost 历史成本Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cashequivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal courseof business.(2) Current replacement cost 现时重置成本Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation.(3) Net realizable value 可实现净值Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments.(4) Present value现值Assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal.Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period.(5) Fair value公允价值Assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged,or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.8. Financial statements 财务报表(1) Balance sheet资产负债表A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date.(2) Income statement 损益表An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.(3) Statement of cash flows现金流量表A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.(4) Statement of changes in owners’equity所有者权益变动表A statement of changes in owners’equity reports the changes in owners’equity for a specific period of time.(5) Notes to financial statements财务报表附注Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.9. Accounting entry 会计分录Debit: CashCredit: Common Stock10. Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式Assets = Liabilities +owners’equity11. List of present and potential users of financial information 财务信息的使用者investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies.Definitions of Four Categories of Financial AssetsA financial asset or liability held for trading is one that was acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealers margin. A financial asset should be classified as held for trading if, regardless of why it was acquired, it is part of a portfolio for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking. Derivative financial assets and derivative financial liabilities are always deemed held for trading unless they are designated and effective hedging instruments.Held-to-maturity investments are financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity that an enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity other than loans and receivables originated by the enterprise.四类金融资产的定义为交易而持有的金融资产或金融负债,指主要为了从价格或交易商保证金的短期波动中获利而购置的金融资产或承担的金融负债。