English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
意合型语言
(以意统形)
形合型语言
(以形驭意)
Categories of texts
Type of writing: Description Narration Exposition argumentation
Requirements for the text: Unity
Coherence
Language Transfer and translation
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的形态 变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
English
Retaining some inflections 保留一些形态变化 v.（动词）: tense, aspect, voice, mood n.（名词）: number, case, gender pron.（代词）: person, gender, case, number adj.（形容词）: degree ad.（副词） : degree
Contrastive Study on EnglishChinese and Text Translation 英汉对比与篇章翻译
What’s a text?
• I. II. TEXT篇章是翻译的真正单位 篇章是思想交流的基本单位 语篇具有主动性 Language is the amber in which a thousand precious and subtle thoughts have been safely embedded and preserved. ---Richard C. Trench
(Condition 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.
(Time Order 时间先后)
他人老心 不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。
• Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.
Transfer (迁移)is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的 相似和差异而产生的影响。 ---奥德林
Examples of Negative Transfer
1. The writer likes writing at light (night). 【语音 迁移】 2. He only eat two meal a day. 【词形迁移】
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languagec method of research. Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
人到齐就开会。
不要人云亦云。
The meeting will begin when all are here.
Don’t say what others have said. Tense （时态） 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved. Voice （语 态） 你再说一个字， If you should say one more 我马上走。 word, I would go at once. 你死了， If you should die, I would go and 我去当和尚。 be a monk. Mood （语气）