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第8章气体吸收 §8.1概述


虽然扩散的一般 原因是浓度梯度, 原因是浓度梯度,但 能动梯度也能引起扩 散如反渗透过程, 散如反渗透过程,压 力梯度、 力梯度、温度梯度和 外场力都可引起扩散, 外场力都可引起扩散, 如离心分离。 如离心分离。
Molecular diffusion induced by temperature is thermal diffusion, and that from an external field is forced diffusion. Both are uncommon in chemical engineering. Only diffusion under a concentration gradient is considered in this chapter.
扩散并不局 限于分子通过固 体或液体停滞膜 的传递。当不同 的传递。 组成的流体相混
of different compositions 合时也会发生扩 散。
The first step in mixing is often mass transfer caused by the eddy motion characteristic of turbulent flow. This is called eddy diffusion. The second step is molecular diffusion between and inside the very small eddies.
在所有的质量传 递操作中, 递操作中,扩散 至少在一相中发 生,更多则是在 两相中发生。 两相中发生。蒸 馏时, 馏时,低沸物由 液相扩散至界面, 液相扩散至界面, 离开界面进入汽 相。
The high boiler diffuses in the reverse direction and passes through the vapor into the liquid. In leaching, diffusion of solute through the solid phase is followed by diffusion into the liquid.
液~液萃取 时,溶质从萃余 相扩散至液~ 相扩散至液~液 界面, 界面,然后进入 萃取相。结晶时, 萃取相。结晶时, 溶质由母液扩散 到晶体, 到晶体,然后积 淀于晶体表面。 淀于晶体表面。
In humidification or dehumidification there is no diffusion through the liquid phase because the liquid phase is pure and no concentration gradient through it can exist; but the vapor diffuses to or from the liquid-gas interface into or out of the gas phase.
第17章 17章
相际扩散与传质原理


扩散是一种 在物理驱动下单 组分通过混合物 的运动。 的运动。扩散最 通常的原因是扩 散组分浓度梯度 的存在。 的存在。
Diffusion is the movement, under the influence of a physical stimulus, of an individual component through a mixture. The most common cause of diffusion is a concentration gradient of the diffusing component.
由温度引起的分子 扩散称为热扩散, 扩散称为热扩散, 由外场力引起的扩 散称为强制扩散。 散称为强制扩散。 这两种扩散方式在 化学工程中并不常 见。本章仅讨论由 浓度梯度引起的质 量扩散。 量扩散。
Diffusion is not restricted to molecular transfer through stagnant layers of solid or fluid. It also takes place when fluids are mixed.
当不断地向 高浓度一端提供 扩散组分, 扩散组分,从低 浓度一端除去扩 散组分时,扩散 散组分时, 组分便具有稳定 的传质通量。 的传质通量。这 就是许多传质操 作的特点。 作的特点。
For example, when ammonia is removed from a gas by absorption in water in a packed column, at each point in the column a concentration gradient in the gas phase causes ammonia to diffuse to the gas-liquid interface, where it dissolves, and a gradient in the liquid phase causes it to diffuse into the bulk liquid.
高沸物逆向扩 散从汽相进入液 浸取时, 相。浸取时,溶 质扩散穿过固相, 质扩散穿过固相, 然后再扩散进入 液相。 液相。
In liquid extraction, the solute diffuses through the raffinate phase to the interface and then into the extract phase. In crystallization, solute diffuses through the mother liquor to the crystals and deposits on the solid surfaces.
当从吸收液中 解吸溶质时, 解吸溶质时, 浓度梯度与吸 收过程相反。 收过程相反。 在此, 在此,扩散作 用使溶质从液 相主体移至界 面,再从界面 移至气相。 移至气相。
In some other masstransfer operations such as leaching and adsorption, unsteadystate diffusion takes place, and the gradients and fluxes decrease with time as equilibrium is approached.
When the gradient is maintained by constantly supplying the diffusing component to the highconcentration end of the gradient and removing it at the low concentration end, there is a steady-state flux of the diffusing component. This is characteristic of many mass-transfer operations.
在其它一些诸如 浸取和吸咐操作 中发生的是不稳 定扩散, 定扩散,随着过 程趋于平衡, 程趋于平衡,扩 散组分的浓度梯 度和通量随时间 而降低。 而降低。
Although the usual cause of diffusion is a concentration gradient, diffusion can also be caused by an activity gradient, as in reverse osmosis, by a pressure gradient, by a temperature gradient, or by the application of an external force field, as in a centrifuge.
例如, 例如,当在填料塔 中用水吸收气体中 的NH3时,在塔内的 任意一点上, 任意一点上,在气 相浓度梯度的驱使 下,NH3由气相主体 扩散至气~液界面, 扩散至气~液界面, 在界面上溶解, 在界面上溶解,然 后,在液相浓度梯 度驱使下, 度驱使下,扩散至 液相主体。 液相主体。
In stripping a solute from a liquid the gradients are reversed; here diffusion brings solute from the bulk liquid to the interface and from there into the gas phase.
A concentration 浓度梯度驱使扩 gradient tends to move the component in such a direction as to equalize concentrations and destroy the gradient. 散组分朝着使浓 度均匀化的方向 扩散, 扩散,从而使浓 度梯度趋于消失。 度梯度趋于消失。
混合过程首先 是因湍流的涡流特 性引起的质量传递。 性引起的质量传递。 这一过程被称为涡 流扩散。 流扩散。其次是在 微小的漩涡间及其 内部的分子扩散。 内部的分子扩散。
Sometimes the diffusion process is accompanied by bulk flow of the mixture in a direction parallel to the direction of diffusion. 有时扩散过程 还伴随着与扩散 方向相平行的混 合物主体流动。 合物主体流动。
增湿和减湿时, 增湿和减湿时, 因液相是纯液体, 因液相是纯液体, 无浓度梯度存在。 无浓度梯度存在。 故液相无扩散。 故液相无扩散。但 增湿时,蒸汽离开 增湿时, 气液界面, 气液界面,扩散进 入气相;而减湿时, 入气相;而减湿时, 则为蒸汽朝向气液 界面,扩散离开气 界面, 相。
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