1 why should a student of English study English lexicology ? First ,it will help his personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power . second ,it will give him a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable him to organize ,classif y and store words more effectively .third, it will gradually raise his awareness of meaning and usages of words ,and enable him to use words more accurat ely and appropriat ely. f ourth, it will improve his skills of using reference books and raise his problem-solving ability and eff iciency of individual study .and at last ,it will improve his receptive and productive skills in language processing as will as language production.2 How does a students of English study English lexicology? We have two approaches to the study of English words, namely synchronic and diachroni c. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, regardless of changes whatsoever. From a diachronic point of view, we can consider words historically, looking into their origins and changes in f orm and meaning. These two ways are complementary. As f or the course of English lexicology, there are quite some def initions, principles and explanations that govern the law of English words. We need to be clear about them. Everything has its own special aspects. We should grasp them so that we can closely f ollow its law. So it is also the case with English lexicology3 Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.A word is a symbol that stands f or something else in the word. Each of the world’s cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities arbirtrary, and there is“no logical relationship between the sound which stands f or a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”.a dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. It is only symbolic. The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refers to the animal with this cluster of sound. In dif ferent language the same concept can be represented by diff erent sound. Woman, f or example, becomes “frau”in German, “f emme”in French and “f u nu”in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /mi:t/ may be used to mean meet, meat, mete, denoting entirely different thing. Differences of Sound and Form：语音和类型的区别the internal reason f or this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans；the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart；some of the differences were created by the early scribes；f inally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary。

4 Enumerate the major modes of modern vocabulary development. (列举现代英语词汇发展的主要方式) generallyspeaking, there are three modes ofmodem English vocabulary development.They are: creation, semantic change andborrowing. 1, creation refers to thef ormation of new words by using theexisting materials, namely roots, aff ixes,and other elements. 2, semantic changemeans an old f orm which takes on a newmeaning to meet the new word. Thisdoes not increase the number of wordf orms but create many more new usagesof the words, thus enriching thevocabulary. 3, borrowing has played avital role in the development ofvocabulary, particularly in earlier times.5 What are the f undamental f eatures ofthe core of the English vocabulary? (英语基本词汇有什么基本特征?)the f oundamental features of the basicword stock are f ollows:1, all nationalcharacter 2, stability 3, productivity 4,polysemy 5, collocability6 What is reference? (什么是所指关系?)reference is the relationship betweenlanguage and the word. “by means ofreference, a speaker indicat es whichthing in the word (including persons) arebeing talked about. ”words havemeaning only when they have acquiredreference. In other words, only when aconnection has been est ablished betweenthe linguistic sign and a referent, i.e. anobject , a phenomenon, a person, etc.does the sign become ,meaningf ul. Thereference of a word to a thing outside thelanguage is arbitrary and conventional.7 What is the dif f erence betweengrammatical meaning and lexicalmeaning? (语法意义和词汇意义有何区别？) unlike lexical meaning,different lexical items, which havedifferent lexi cal meaning, may have thesame grammatical meaning. On the otherhand, the same word may have diff erentgrammatical meaning. Functional words,though having little lexical meaning,possess strong grammatical meaningwhereas content words have bothmeaning, and lexical meaning inparticular. Lexical meaning andgrammatical meaning make up theword-meaning. It is known thatgrammatical meaning surfaces only inuse. But lexical meaning is constant inall the content words within or withoutcontext as it is related to the wordconveys. 8 Associativemeaning comprises f our types:connotative, stylistic, aff ective, andcollocative.(联想意义包括四种类别：内涵意义，文体意义，感情意义，搭配意义) 9 What is thedifferent between the processes ofradiation and concatenation? (辐射型和连锁型有什么区别？) unlikeradiation where each of the derivedmeaning is directly connected to theprimary meaning, concatenationdescribes a process where each of thelater meaning is related only to thepreceding one like chains. Though thelatest sense can be traced back to theoriginal, there is no direct connection inbetween. 10Differentiation of homonyms f rompolysemants. (同形同音异义词与多义词的区别) the f undamentaldifference between homonyms andpolysemants lies in the f ace the f ormerrefers to diff erent words which happen toshare the same f orm and the latter is theone and same word which has severaldistinguishable meanings. One importantcriterion is to see their etymology, i.e.homonyms are f orm different sourceswhereas a polysemant is f orm the samesource which has acquired differentmeaning in the course of development.The second principal consideration issemantic relat edness. The variousmeaning of a polysemant are correlatedand connected to one central meaning toa greater or lesser degree. On the otherhand, meanings of different homonymshave nothing to do with one another. Indictionaries, a polysemant has itsmeaning all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separateenties. 11 sourcesof synonyms. (同义词的来源) 1,borrowing 2, dialects and regionalEnglish 3, f igurative and euphemisticuse of words 4, coincidence withidiomatic expressions.12 discrimination of synonyms. (同义词的区别) 1，diff erent in denotation.2, dif ferent in connotation 3, diff erentin application.13 type of antonyms. (反义词的类别)1，contradictory terms 2, contraryterms 3, relative terms14 some of the characteristics ofantonyms. (反义词的一些特点)1，antonyms are classi f ied on the basisof semantic opposition. 2, a wordwhich has more than one meaning canhave more than one antonym. 3,antonyms diff er in semantic inclusion.4, contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity, so eachhas its own corresponding opposite.15 give examples to explain thecharacteristics of each of the three typesof antonymys: contradictiory terms,contrary terms, relative terms. (举例解释下列三种反义词：1 互为矛盾的反义词 2 相对反义词 3 表示相互关系的反义词) contradictiory terms：these antonyms truly represent to eachother that they are mutually exclusiveand admit no possibility between them.Examples: dead—alive; present—absent;contrary terms: antonyms of the type arebest viewed in terms of a scale runningbetween two poles or extremes. f orinstance, rich—poor; old—young;relative terms: this type consists ofrelative opposites such as parent—child;husband—wi f e; 16What are the causes of semantic charge?(语义变化的原因？) there aremany causes of semantic change. Themain causes are extra—linguistic f actorsand linguistic f actors. Inextra—linguistic f actors, there arehistorical reasons, class reasons, andpsychological reasons. In linguisticfactors, there are shortening of phrases,inf lux of borrowings and analogy.17 Types of changes. (词义变化的种类)1, extension (词义的扩大) 2，narrowing (词义的缩小) 3，elevation(词义的升格) 4，degradation (词义的降格)Extension three methods 1, a large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development. 2, also f ound in many technical terms, which as the term suggests are conf ined to specialized use. 3, words communized f rom proper nouns have experienced the same semantic change. 18 Why is the study of the dictionary necessary in lexicology? (为何词汇学需要学习词典学？) a dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with inf ormation as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology, which deals with the same problems; the f orm, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units. Theref ore, their similarities f orm the reason to study dictionaries.19 Why is an encyclopedic dictionary different f rom an encyclopedia? (百科全书与百科字典有何区别？) an encyclopedia is not concerned with the language per se but provides encyclopedic inf ormation concerning each headword, theref ore, the reader can not f ind pronunciation or meaning or usages but other inf orm ation. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedi a, in such dictionaries you can f ind the general inf orm ation as in a linguistic dictionary and limited encyclopedic inf ormation as well.20 What f actors should be taken into consideration in choosing a dictionary? (选择词典时应注意什么因素？) there are f our factors that should be taken into consideration when you choose a dictionary. They are: monolingual or bilingual, general or specialized; British or American and early or late. As f or which speci f ic dictionary you choose, it is up to your actual need. If you are a common user, you are proposed to choose a bilingual, general, American and late dictionary because that dictionary suits most users.21 What is the source of English idioms? (习语的出处) the abundance and variety of idioms in English may be to a great extent accounted f or by the historical development of the language. Many idiomatic expressions come f rom the everyday life of the English people from all walks of life. The bible is also one of the chief sources f rom which idiomatic expressions have sprung. Af ter the bible, Shakespeare’s plays are the rich literary sources of English idioms. Many idioms also come f rom f ables, myths or legends.22 What are the stylistic f eatures of idioms? (习语的文体特点) 1, many idioms were created in diff erent prof essions, so they were trade- or prof ession- related, colloquial and inf orm al. 2, now most become a part of the common core, neither f ormal nor inf orm al. 3, there are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively smallin number. 23What are the rhetorical f eatures ofidioms? (习语的修辞特点) 1,phonetic manipulation语言方面( a,alliteration b, rhyme) 2, lexicalmanipulation词汇方面(a, reiterationb, repetition c, juxtaposition)3,f igures of speech辞格（a, simile b,metaphor c, metonymy d,synecdoche e, personif ication f,euphemism ）24variations of idioms (习语的变化)1, replacement 2, addition or deletion3, position-shif ting 4, shortening 5,dismembering 25What is the role of context? (语境的作用) 1, elimination of ambiguity 2,indication of ref erents 3, provision ofclues f or inferring word-m eaning26 Do you think general dictionaries arealways better than specialized ones? （一般词典总比专门词典好吗?）notalways. Special dictionaries concentrateon a particular area of language orknowledge, when you want to consultdetailed inf ormation about something, aspecialized dictionary is good, but whenyou interest is primarily in the generalinf orm ation of language, you will justuse a general one. 27What are the f eatures of compounds?give examples. (复合词的特点，举例)1，phonetic f eatures：in compounds theword stress is on the f irst element. 2,semantic features: every compoundexpresses a single idea. 3, grammaticalfeatures: a compound tends to play asingle grammatical role in a sentence.28 What is the advantage of classi f yingidioms according to their grammaticalf unctions? (习语的语法功能分类法的优点) there are a variety ofcriteria f or classi f ying idioms, amongwhich there is a classif i cation accordingto “grammatical f unctions”. Thisclassi f ication is very helpf ul in the actualuse of idioms. The diff iculty in usingidioms appropriately lies f irst in thediff iculty of grasping the elusive andf igurative meaning and then in thediff iculty of determining the syntactic ofidioms.LDCE（朗文当代英语词典）新版1987：特点clear grammar codes；usage notes；Language notesCCELD（柯林斯英语词典）1987：def inition；extra column；UsageexamplesCED（英汉词典）1995:1、on the basis ofthe f irst edition，the new edition has anaddition of800 single character entriesand of18000 multi-character entriesincluding catchphrases，sayings andproverbs。