附录一、英文原文：Goals Of True Broad band’s Wireless Next Wave(4G-5G)K.R.Santhi,Prof.V.K.Srivastava,G.SenthilKumaran,Eng. Albert Butare.Kigali Institute of Science Technology and Management (KIST),B.P.3900, Kigali,Rwanda.AbstractAs access technology increases, voice, video,multimedia, and broadband data services are becomingintegrated into the same network. Fourth Generation (4G)is the next generation of wireless networks that will replacethird Generation (3G) networks sometimes in future. 4G isintended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost perbit, IP based services.4G is all about an integrated, globalnetwork that’s based on an open system approach. The goalof 4G i s to “replace the current proliferation of core cellularnetworks with a single worldwide cellular core networkstandard based on IP for control, video, packet data andV oIP. But while 3G haven’t quite arrived, researchers wantto contribute their ideas to the development of an as-yetundefined "wireless world" that could become operationalby around 2010. This paper deals with the fundamentalsand issues of networks, technologies, spectrum, standards,terminals, services of 4G and about the visions that thenetwork operators and service providers see for theevolution of 4G mobile systems and where is future researchfrom their perspective necessary?Keywords：Wireless, 4G, W-OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA,UWB.I. INTRODUCTIONWhile carriers and handset manufacturers obviously havetheir hands full with 3G, some companies are alreadylooking beyond this next generation of wirelesstechnology and networks. 4G is simply an initiative byacademic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations andproblems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployedand meeting its promised performance and throughput.While this 3G has not completely reached researchers andvendors are expressing growing interest in 4G why? Twomain areas are addressed in these initiatives: An increaseof capacity in the radio link and seamless mobility acrossheterogeneous access networks. Section 2 discusses aboutthe issues of 3G that has created interest towards 4Gdevelopments.Section 3 about evolution and comparison,Section 4 describes about the goals and the vision, section5 explains about some of the technologies for 4G, and inother following sections the applications, the research andother issues for 4G developments are discussed.II. WHY THE LEAP TOWARDS 4G?3G networks are in a very painful phase of theirdevelopment, with early trials yielding disappointingresults, costs ballooning, technical glitches, and networkoperators being forced to deflate expectations based onunrealistic hype. Despite the hype surrounding thehigher-speed 3G mobile networks now underconstruction, the reasons for the leap towards 4G are:A. PerformanceIndustry skeptics say that users will not be able to takeadvantage of rich multimedia content across wirelessnetworks with 3G. 4G communications will featureextremely high-quality video equal to that of high-definitiontelevision. In addition, it will enable wirelessdownloads at speeds exceeding 100 Mbps, about 260times than 3G wireless network.B. InteroperabilityThere are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult toroam and interoperate across networks. We need a globalstandard that provides global mobility and serviceportability so that service provider would no longer bebound by single-system vendors of proprietaryequipment.C. Networking3G are based on primarily a wide-area concept. We needhybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot)concept and cell or base-station WAN design. With 4G,the world would have base stations everywhere, ensuringphone usersconnection to a high-speed networkanywhere, anytime.D. BandwidthWe need wider bandwidth and higher bit rates. The 4Gtechnology, with its transmission speeds of more than 20mbps, would offer high-bandwidth services within thereach of LAN "hotspots," installed in offices,homes,coffee shops,and airport lounges. Away from thesehotspots, customers could connect to souped-up 2Gnetworks for voice and rudimentary data coverage.E. TechnologyUnlike 3G, 4G will more resemble a conglomeration ofexisting technologies rather than an entirely newstandard. Analysts define 4G as a seamless combinationof existing 2G wireless networks with local-areanetworks (LANs) or Bluetooth.F. ConvergenceConvergence involves more than mere technology; it is acoming together of services and markets.We need allnetwork that utilizes IP in its fullest form with convergedvoice and data capability,which the 4G will achieve.G. Cost4G systems will prove far cheaper than 3G, since theycan be built atop existing networks and won't requireoperators to completely retool and won't require carriersto purchase costly extra spectrum.Also an open systemIP wireless environment would probably further reducescosts for service providers by ushering in an era of realequipment interoperability.H. ScalabilityScalability, or the ability to handle increasing numbers ofusers and diversity of services, is more challenging withmobile networks."Design for Scalability," includesinformation that can help you meet changing usagedemands.Because an all IP core layer of 4G is easilyscalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge.III.EVOLUTION AND COMPARISON OFBROADBANDWIRELESS1) First Generation (1G):1G wireless mobilecommunication systems, was introduced in the early1980s.1G wireless was analog and supported the firstgeneration of analog cell phones.They include asignaling protocol known as SS7 (Signaling System 7).2) Second Generation (2G): 2G systems, fielded in thelate 1980s, were intended primarily for voicetransmission and was all about digital PCS.3) Third Generation (3G): 3G in wireless will be adeliberate migration to faster, data-centric wirelessnetworks.The immediate goal is to raise transmissionspeeds from 125kbps to 2M bit/sec.4) Fourth Generation (4G): In reality, as of first half of2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussionpoint to address future needs of a universal high speedwireless network that will interface with wirelinebackbone network seamlessly.IV. THE 4G NETWORK THAT THECELL-HEADSDREAM ABOUT4G can be imagined of as an integrated wireless systemthat enables seamless roaming between technologies.Auser can be operating in cellular technology network andget handed over to a satellite-based network and back to afixed wireless network, depending upon the networkcoverage and preference of charging.A. The GoalsOpen Mobile Alliance’s (OMA) main goal is to makesure different wireless services and devices worktogether, and across countries, operators, and mobileterminals.Other plans in the group's charter include:•Deliver open standards and specifications based onmarket and customer requirements.• Create and promote a common industry view on anarchitectural framework.• Help consolidate standards groups and work inconjunction with other existing standardsorganizations and groups.B. The Composite Vision• 20 Mbps data rates• Streaming Audio/Video• Asymmetric Access• Adaptive Modulation/Coding• Dynamic packet assignment• Smart/Adaptive antennas supportedC. 4G Network Architecture“4G” wireless networks can be realized with an IP-basedcore network for global routing along with morecustomized local-area radio access networks that supportfeatures such as dynamic handoff and ad-hoc routing aswell as newer requirements such as self-organization,QoS, multicasting, content caching, etc..In 4G LANs will be installed in trains and trucks as wellas buildings, or even just formed on an ad-hoc basisbetween random collections of devices that happen tocome within radio range of one other. Routing in suchnetworks will depend on new architectures, already underdevelopment by the IEEE and a European project calledMobile IP Network Developments (MIND).D. The working PrincipleIn 4G-style mobile IP, each cell phone is assigned apermanent "home" IP address, along with a "care-of"address that represents its actual location.When acomputer somewhere on the Internet wants tocommunicate with the cell phone, it first sends apacketto the phone's home address.A directory server on thehome network forwards this to the care-of address via atunnel, as in regular mobile IP. However, the directoryserver also sends a message to the computer informing itof the correct care-of address, so future packets can besent directly.This should enable TCP sessions and HTTPdownloads to be maintained as users move betweendifferent types of networks.Because of the manyaddresses and the multiple layers of subnetting, IPv6 isneeded for this type of mobility.V. TECHNOLOGIES THAT SUPPORT 4GThe revolution in 4G will be the optical networking, thenew air interface, the portable device etc.A. The Transmission Protocols1) OFDM: OFDM is a digital modulation technology inwhich in one time symbol waveform, thousands oforthogonal waves are multiplexed.This is good for highbandwidth digital data transition.2) W-OFDM: W-OFDM enables data to be encoded onmultiple high-speed radio frequencies concurrently. Thisallows for greater security, increased amounts of databeing sent, and the industry’s most efficient use ofbandwidth.W-OFDM enables the implementation of lowpower multipoint RF networks that minimize interferencewith adjacent networks.This enables independentchannels to operate within the same band allowingmultipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systemsto be overlaid in the same frequency band.3) MC-CDMA : MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with aCDMA overlay.Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems,the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes todistinguish users in (multi-carrier) MC-CDMA.Howeverin MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes,where the data is spread in time or frequency.4) LAS-CDMA：LinkAir Communications is developer of LAS-CDMA(Large Area Synchronized Code Division MultipleAccess) a patented 4G wireless technology. LAS-CDMAenables high-speed data and increases voice capacity andlatest innovative solution, CDD, merges the highlyspectral efficient LAS-CDMA technology with thesuperior data transmission characteristics of TDD.Thisresulting combination makes CDD the most spectrallyefficient, high-capacity duplexing system available today.B. The Radio Interface-UWB RadioTo make 4G really work carries will need to migrate toUltra Wideband (UWB) technology.UWB radiowill deliver essential new wireless andwired bandwidth inexpensively, without using preciousand scarce radio frequencies.Instead,digital video, voiceand data are enabled using modulated pulses of energythat peacefully co-exist alongside traditionalcommunications.UWB radio solves the multipath fadingissues and is 1,000% more process efficient than CDMA.C. The Network-LMDSLocal multipoint distribution system (LMDS) is thebroadband wireless technology used to deliver voice,data, Internet, and video services in the 25-GHz andhigher spectrum (depending on licensing).The acronymLMDS is derived from the following: L(local)—denotes that propagation characteristics ofsignals in this frequency range limit the potentialcoverage area of a single cell site;M (multipoint)—indicates that signals are transmitted ina point-to-multipoint or broadcast method;D (distribution)—refers to the distribution of signals,which may consist of simultaneous voice, data, Internet,and video traffic;S (service)—implies the subscriber nature of therelationship between the operator and the customer.VI. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF 4G1) Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a"virtual presence" -- for example, always-on connectionsthat keep people involved in business activities regardlessof whether they are on-site or off.2)Virtual navigation:A remote database contains thegraphical representation of streets, buildings, andphysical characteristics of a large metropolis.Blocks ofthis database are transmitted in rapid sequence to avehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupantsto visualize the environment ahead.3) Tele-medicine: 4G will support remote healthmonitoring of patients.For e.g. the paramedic assistingthe victim of traffic accident in a remote location mustaccess medical records and may need videoconferenceassistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention.The paramedic may need to relay back to the hospital thevictim's x-rays taken locally.4)Tele-geoprocessing applications:Thecombination of geographical information systems (GIS),global positioning systems (GPS), and high-capacitywireless mobile systems will enable a new type ofapplication referred to as tele-geoprocessing.Queriesdependent on location information of several users, inaddition to temporal aspects have many applications.5) Crisis-management applications:Naturaldisasters can affect the entire communicationsinfrastructure is in disarray.Restoring communicationsquickly is essential.With wideband wireless mobilecommunications Internet and video services, could be setup in hours instead of days or even weeks required forrestoration of wireline communications.6) Education :Educational opportunities availableon the internet, for individuals interested in life-longeducation, will be unavailable to client in remote areasbecause of the economic unfeasibility of providingwideband wireline internet access.4G wirelesscommunications provides a cost-effective alternative inthese situations.VII. ROLE OF THE WIRELESSINDUSTRYRECOMMENDATIONSWe are bringing to the attention of professionalsfollowing issues and problems that must be analyzed andresolved:1)Standardization: Standardization of wireless networksin terms of modulation techniques, switching schemesand roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G. We mustpay more attention to general meaning advancedtechnologies.2) Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher thanAlternatives: The business visionaries should do someeconomic modeling before they start 4G hype. Theyshould understand that 4G data applications likestreaming video must compete with very low costwireline applications.3) More Coordination Among Spectrum RegulatorsAround the World:We must demand almost freespectrum NOT necessarily unlicensed Spectrumregulation bodies must get involved in guiding theresearchers by indicating which frequency band might beused for 4G.4) Regulatory frameworks:Policy and RegulatoryEnvironment which Provides Transparency, Certaintyand a Level Playing Field are necessary. The mostimportant thing is that we should recognize thatregulatory framework is as much an evolving matter astechnology, and be prepared to meet changes with anopen-minded and pragmatic attitude, always keeping theinterests of the industry and consumers in mind.5) More Academic Research:Universities must spendmore effort in solving fundamental problems in radiocommunications (especially multiband and widebandradios, intelligent antennas and signal processing).6) Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking:Business and Technology executives should not bias theirbusiness models by using voice channels as economicdeterminant for data applications.V oice has a built-indemand limit - data applications do not.7) Integration Across Different Network Topologies:Network architects must base their architecture on hybridnetwork concepts thatintegrates wireless wide areanetworks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b,IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16), Bluetoothwith fiber-based Internet backbone.Broadband wirelessnetworks must be a part of this integrated networkarchitecture.8) Non-disruptive Implementation: Upgrading from 3G to 4G is expected to be seamless to end-users with nodevice upgrades required.VIII. DEVELOPMENTS IN 4GAT&T is combining W-OFDM and EDGE technologies,to provide broadband mobile downlink access at peakrates of up to 10 Mbps while EDGE offers uplink accessat 384 Kbps with an 800KHz bandwidth in a high-mobilityenvironment.Sun Microsystems Laboratories are building 4G wirelesstechnologies that promise tointegrate voice and web datain an IP-based mobile communications.The Government of Karnataka in India has signed a MoUwith Charmed Technologies Inc from Beverly Hills,California and Software Technology Parks of India inKarnataka to develop 4G wireless technology. Theproject plan to use wireless technology based on theIEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11b standards for wirelessLAN for the underlying network is designed to support adata rate of up to 11Mbps and 54Mbps respectively. Thegoal is to get 6 billion people connected to the wirelessInternet by 2010.NTT DoCoMo and Hewlett-Packard Company &MOTOmediacollaboration will explore new mobile serviceconcepts in which people, places and things will be ableto interact, thereby bridging the real and the cyber world.MOTO-media is expected to enable high performancestreaming of multimedia content to mobile users.DoCoMo and HP aim to nish the shared study of basictechnology by 2003 and hope to push for 4G in 2006.IX. SUGGESTIONSWe would like to give the following suggestions for thedevelopment of 4G mobile technologies:1. Technologies like 4G must be developed to integrateinto a more flexible network that grow within thenetwork so that we don't have to scarp the old network toimplement the next generation, the generations to come.2. The very big challenge for developing a technology isproper human resource for building high quality systems.Big organization, which is engaged in software andsystem development, should rapidly go for tie-ups witheducational institutes for better manpower and knowledgemanagement.3. We talk about mobile multimedia that 4G will supportbut in reality people are not going to watch TV whilethey walk down the street. Likewise people will not buyCoca Cola at vending machines with a cell phone. Quitoften services conjured up by the engineering side of thevendor organizations has little to do with the reality. Sowireless industry should ponder well about marketdemand and invest money so that they will not be at loss.X.CONCLUSION4G should make a significant difference and addperceived benefit to an ordinary person’s life over 3G.We should drop the 2.5G, 3G, 4G speak altogether wherean additional “G” means merely an increase in capacity.What really means something for the users are newservices, integration of services, applications etc. Ourgoal is to struggle to get a “G”eneration of standards sothat we can take our phone anywhere in the world andaccess any service or communicate with any other userany way we want that will offer connectivity soinexpensively. In short, 4G or WWWW (World WideWireless web) should be a more intelligent technologythat interconnects the entire world without limits.二、英文翻译：下一代无线宽带的目标（4G—5G）摘要：随着接入技术的增长，语音、视频、多媒体和宽带数据业务正在集成到同一个网络中去。