• a) Same time
By “same time” here we mean the happening of two simultaneous events. If the two actions are reiterative(反 复的) or habitual, the temporal clause can be introduced by when or whenever and the
用法 连 词
表 示 hardly…when (or before)=scarcely…when (or before) 1 时 =no sooner…than (一…就) 间 as soon as = directly (when) =immediately (when or after)
= the moment (that) =the instant (that) = the minute (that) (一…就)
She looked both ways before she crossed the road.
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After he painted the windows, he painted the doors.
• When a when-clause is used to denote an earlier action, its verb usually occurs in the perfective aspect. This kind of when-clause may appear either before or after the main clause without difference in meaning, eg:
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They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s eye view of the city. In case it rains, we won’t be able to go there on foot. I shouldn’t have time to see him, even if he were here. 1) 引导状语从句的连词
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In a complex sentence denoting two simultaneous short actions, the temporal clause may be introduced by when, as soon as, just as, the instant, the moment, directly ,immediately, etc. It is also possible to use hardly / scarcely…when and no sooner … than, eg:
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表示 方式
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表示 比较
than (比…更…）， the…the…(越…越…) as…as (像…一样) not so (or as) … as (不像…那样)
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2)Some few notes on adverbial clauses
• It may be useful to give some few notes on the principal uses of adverbial clauses left undiscussed so far. A) Adverbial clauses of time
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It is also possible to use as long as to spotlight (强 调)the exactly equal length of time, eg:
The wind blew hard when the rain poured down. I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano. He worked as long as we played. 在我们工作的时候他玩儿。
When(当…时候)，while(当…时候), as (当…时候), till(=until)(一直到…为止), whenever(无论何时), since(自从… 一来), after(…之后), before(…之前), by the time (that)(到了… 时候…), not long before（or when)(…不久，就…)
十二： 状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
• Adverbial clauses are those that perform the function of adverbial in a complex sentence. Semantically, this kind of clause can be subdivided into adverbial clauses of time, place, manner, cause, result, purpose, condition, and concession, eg:
• b) Earlier time and later time • These terms are concerned with two or more actions happening one after another. This kind of temporal relationships can be expressed by these semantically-related subordinators: before, after, till, until, when, since, etc. eg:
• If the two actions are durative and last for an equal length of time, the temporal clause can be introduced by when or while and the verbs in both the adverbial and the main clause may occur in the simple past or the past progressive.
When (ever) he goes to town, he visits his aunt. She felt ill when (ever) she ate oyster. If he goes to town, he brings us a present. = When (ever) he goes to town…
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verbs occur in the simple present or the simple past in both the adverbial and the main clause. The habitual use of a when- / whenever-clause is interchangeable with an if-clause used in the same sense, eg:
Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to my help. Where there is a will, there is a way. You must do the exercise as I show you. As there was no answer, I wrote again. He had overslept, so that he was late for work.
(因为；既然)
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表示 while (而), whereas (而) 对比 If(虽然，即使), whether…or(无论), notwithstanding(that)(虽然), (al)though (虽然), as (虽 然), for all(that) (尽管如此) even though even if (即使；虽然)
Adverbial clauses of time introduced by when, while, as, before, after, and until can be described in terms of “same time”, “earlier time”, and “later time”.
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表 示 让 步no ma来自ter ~ = ~ ever (无论)
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表示 地方
Where(在…地方；到…地方）, wherever（任何 地方）, everywhere(that) (无论什么地方）, anywhere（that) (无论…地方） as (just)as…so （像…那样；犹如） as if (= as though) （好像；宛如） according as （依照）
The dog barked the instant it heard a noise. I had hardly left when the quarrel started.
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• In a complex sentence which indicates that one action happens in the process of another, the longer action is normally expressed by a durative verb either in the progressive or in the non-progressive, whereas the shorter action is generally expressed by a non-progressive form. The shorter action can also be expressed in a when-clause following the main clause (which is in the progressive) to represent climatic information in narrative. It should be noted, however, that in the latter case, the when-clause is no longer a temporal adverbial but corresponds to a coordinate clause introduced