三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学（十八世纪末——十九世纪中后期）
美国浪漫主义的三个阶段
1. Early Romanticism 早期浪漫主义
2. Transcendentalism 超验主义 3. High Romanticism 浪漫主义高峰期
三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学（十八世纪末——十九世纪中后期）
The Rise of a National Literature: the “Knickerbocker era”; In the early the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing. Its writers were called “Knickerbocker”,and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the the “Knickerbocker era”of American literature. Washington Irving; James Fenimore Cooper; William Cullen Bryant
11. The Thirties: the Depression era; the Marxist “Proletarian Literature” movement; John Steinbeck; Henry Miller; the “Fugitives” 12. The Forties and Fifties: World War II; the anti-Communist “witch-hunts”; the Beats 13. The Sixties and Seventies: the “Hippies”; Vietnam War; literary experiments—the “factualized novel” and the “post-realism”; Catch-22 and “black Humor” 14. Drama: the “Little Theatre” movement; Eugene O’Neill; Tennessee Williams; Arthur Miller
5. The Civil War and the “Gilded Age”: Walt Whitman; Harriet Beecher Stowe; Emily Dickinson; the “local color” school of realism; the “Gold Rush”; Mark Twain 6. The Era of Realism and Naturalism: the failure of the “American Dream”; William Dean Howells; Stephen Crane; Henry James 7. At the Turn of the Century: some new philosophies; Jack London; the “Progressive era” and the “Muckraker era”; Upton Sinclair; O. Henry
三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学（十八世纪末——十九世纪中后期）
关于浪漫主义 Romanticism as a literary movement occurred in Europe and America at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. American romanticism stretched from the end of the 18th century to the Civil War (1861-1865). Romanticism marked a revolt against Neoclassicism(新 古典主义). Neoclassicism esteemed rationality, objectivity and harmony, while Romanticism stressed imagination, intuitions, emotions, individualism and inner thoughts. American Romanticism was also called American Renaissance.
一、The Literature before the Revolution of Independence 独立革命之前的文学 （十七世纪中期之前）
这一时期的文学主要分为两个部分： Native American Literature (The Traditional Literature of the American Indians) 美国本土文学 （美国印第安传统文学） 美洲印第安众多部落有着丰富的口头文学传统，主要形式为各种仪 式上的祝词、劳动中吟唱的歌曲、世代相传的神话故事和英雄故事 等等。 Literature of Colonial Settlements 北美殖民时期文学（16世纪末—17世纪中） ﹡1607年英国在今弗吉尼亚的Jamestown建立第一个永久性殖民 点。 ﹡主要表达清教(Puritanism)思想。清教意在净化(purify)教堂中的 宗教行为。 ﹡主要作家及作品： John Smith （1580-1631） A True Relation of Virginia （1608） 约翰· 史密斯被称为第一位美国作家， 《关于弗吉尼亚州的真 实叙述》被认为是美国文学史上第一部作品。
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 (十八世纪中期——十八世纪末）
这一时期的作家主要体现的是加尔文教思想 (Calvinist beliefs)和自然神论(deism)。加尔文教 徒强调原罪和命运预定论；自然神论者提倡以理 性为宗教基础，认为上帝创造世界后不再干涉世 界，任世界按自然规律运动，两种思想代表分别 为Jonathan Edwards和Benjamin Franklin. 独立战争（1776—1783）为美国文学的发展奠定 了社会基础，提供了丰富的题材。这一时期文学 作品主题多为爱国主义及对独立、自由、民主的 呼唤。
美国文学
美国文学史上的5个阶段
一、The Literature before the Revolution of Independence 独立革命之前的文学 二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学 四、American Realism 美国现实主义文学 五、American Literature of the 20th Century 二十世纪美国文学
3. 4. An American Renaissance: the movement westwards;
the “new spiritual era”; the Transcendentalists; Ralph Waldo Emerson; Henry David Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; Herman Melville; Edgar Allan Poe; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1. Colonial Beginnings: Puritan thoughts
2. The Birth of a Nation: political journalism; Benjamin Franklin; Thomas Paine; Thomas Jefferson; Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 本杰明· 富兰克 林
an initiator of the American enlightenment （启蒙运动） the only writer in the colonial period whose works are still read today. 代表作品：The Autobiography (1771-1790) – individualism; American Dream Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732-1758) Famous sayings : “God helps those who help themselves‖; ―No pains, no gains‖ Lost time is never found again. His uncompleted autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first h.
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)托马斯· 潘恩
a political pamphleteer （政治小册子作家） 代表作品：Common Sense (1776) – the greatest of the revolutionary pamphlets (政治小册子)； The American Crisis (1776-1783) – 16 pamphlets Philip Freneau (1752-1832)菲利普· 弗伦诺 “Poet of the American Revolution‖ 作品：The Rising Glory of America (1772) ；The British Prison Ship (1781) ；The Wild Honey Suckle (1786) – one of his best lyrics （抒情诗）