地质年代Relative Time 相对年代/ Absolute Time 绝对年代isotopic age 同位素年龄law of superposition 地层层序律law of faunal succession 生物层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石chronologic scale 地质年代表eon宙/ era代/ period纪/ epoch世eonothem宇/arethem界/ system系/ series统Archaeozoic era(erathem) 太古代(界)Proterozoic era(erathem) 元古代(界)Palaeozoic era(erathem) 古生代(界)Mesozoic era(erathem) 中生代(界)Cenozoic era(erathem) 新生代(界)Sinian period(system) 震旦纪(系)Cambrian period(system) 寒武纪(系)Ordovician period(system) 奥陶纪(系)Silurian period(system) 志留纪(系)Devonian period(system) 泥盆纪(系)Carboniferous period(system) 石炭纪(系)Permian period(system) 二叠纪(系)Triassic period(system) 三叠纪(系)Jurassic period(system) 侏罗纪(系)Cretaceous period(system) 白垩纪(系)Tertiary period(system) 第三纪(系)Quaternary period(system) 第四纪(系)矿物element 元素isotope 同位素radioactive isotope 放射性同位素stable isotope 稳定同位素clarke number 克拉克值mineral 矿物crystal 晶体crystalline 结晶质amorphous substance 非晶质crystal form 晶形classification 分类chemical bond 化学键polymorphism 同质多像isomorphism 类质同像aggregate 集合体degree of rounding 磨圆度degree of grains 粒度transparency 透明度luster 光泽streak 条痕color 颜色hardness 硬度cleavage 解理fracture 断口;断裂silicate minerals 硅酸盐矿物silicon oxygen tetrahedron 硅氧四面体岩石与成岩作用1.岩浆作用与火成岩petrology 岩石学igneous rock 火成岩structure 构造texture 结构mineral composition 矿物组成magmatism 岩浆作用magma 岩浆Extrusion 喷出作用(火山作用)：pyroclastic rocks 火山碎屑岩lava 熔岩ash 火山灰bomb 火山弹columnar joint 柱状节理pahoehoe lava 波状熔岩block lava 块状熔岩komatiite 科马提岩crater 火山口caldera 破火山口circum pacific volcanic belt 环太平洋火山带intrusion 侵入作用country rock 围岩assimilation 同化混染作用xenolith 捕虏体fractional crystallization 结晶分异作用continuous reaction 连续反应系列discontinuous reaction 不连续反应系dike岩脉/sheet岩床/rockbasin岩盆laccolith岩盖/stock岩株/batholith岩基cryptocrystalline texture 隐晶质结构phanerocrystalline texture 显晶质结构porphyritic texture斑状结构porphyaceous texture似斑状结构massive structure 块状构造flowed structure 流动构造fumarolic structure 气孔构造layered structure 层状构造intrusive(invade)rock 侵入岩effusive rock 喷出岩plutonic rock 深成岩pypabyssal rock 浅成岩acid rock 酸性岩intermediate rock中性岩basic rock基性岩ultrabasic rock超基性岩granite 花岗岩porphyry 斑岩porphyrite 玢岩rhyolite 流纹岩syenite 正长岩trachyte 粗面岩diorite 闪长岩andesite 安山岩gabbro 辉长岩basalt 玄武岩aplite 细晶岩pegmatite 伟晶岩lamprophyre 煌斑岩diabase 辉绿岩dunite 橄榄岩pumice 浮岩2.外力地质作用与沉积岩fossil 化石sedimentary rock 沉积岩atmosphere 大气圈biosphere 生物圈hydrosphere 水圈transportation 搬运作用sedimentation 沉积作用(广义)deposition 沉积作用(狭义)clastic deposits 碎屑沉积物chemical sediments 化学沉积物biogenic sediment 生物沉积物compaction 压固作用cementation 胶结作用recrystallization 重结晶作用detrital texture 碎屑结构sorting 分选性roundness 圆度sedimentary structure 沉积构造bedding 层理cross bedding 交错层理stratification plane 层面ripple/wave/swash mark 波痕mudcrack/desiccation crack 泥裂stylolites 缝合线concretion/nodule 结核casts/ Molds 印模agate 玛瑙clastic 碎屑sediment(deposit) 沉积物、沉积层boulder 漂石、顽石cobble 卵石gravel 砾石sand 砂silt 粉土clay 粘土sandy clay 砂质粘土clayey sand 粘质砂土sandy loam 壤土、亚黏土regolith(topsoil) 浮土(表土)loess 黄土laterite 红土peat 泥炭ooze 软泥(海泥)clay rock 黏土岩chemical rock 化学岩biolith 生物岩conglomerate 砾岩sandstone 砂岩siltstone 粉砂岩mudstone 泥岩shale 页岩saline rock 岩盐limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩marl 泥灰岩volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩tuffite 凝灰岩warmkalk 竹叶状灰岩oolitic limestone 鲕粒灰岩Mudstone 泥晶灰岩3.变质作用与变质岩Metamorphism 变质作用metamorphic rock 变质岩geostatic pressure 静压力coesite 柯石英crystalloblastic texture 变晶结构blast 变晶palimpsest texture 变余结构slaty structure 板状构造phyllitic structure 千枚状构造schistose structure 片状构造schistosity 片理gneissose structure 片麻状构造palimpsest structure 变余构造contact-metasomatic metamorphism接触热变质作用contact-metasomatic metamorphism接触交代变质作用regional metamorphism区域变质作用burial metamorphism埋藏变质作用migmatization混合岩化作用slate 板岩phyllite 千枚岩schist 片岩gneiss 片麻岩quartzite 石英岩marble 大理岩mylonite 糜棱岩migmatite 混合岩cataclasite 碎裂岩地质构造Fault 断层normal fault 正断层reversed fault 逆断层paralled fault 平移断层gouge 断层泥stria 擦痕joint 节理primary joint 原生节理secondary 次生节理tension joint 张节理unloading joint 卸荷节理schistosity 片理bedding 层理foliation 板理(叶理)ripple mark 波痕mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕orientation of bedrock 岩层产状strike 走向dip 倾向angle of dip(dip angle)倾角fold 褶皱anticline 背斜syncline 向斜monocline(homocline) 单斜dome 穹隆soft stratum 软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone)破碎带affected zone 影响带platy structure 板状构造cleavage 解理fracture(rupture)断裂fissure(crack fracture)裂隙crustal movement 地壳运动contour map 等高线图，构造图old shoreline 古岸线pinchout 地层尖灭truncation of beds 地层截断sand trend 砂层趋势strata / beds 岩层，地层symme trical anticline 对称背斜plunging asymme trical anticline不对称倾伏背斜plunging syncline 倾伏向斜thrust fault 逆掩断层lateral fault 平移断层rotational fault 旋转断层upthrust fault 仰冲断层conformity 整合unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合salt dome 盐丘dome with deep salt core具有盐核的穹隆vitrinite 镜质体geological profile 地质剖面outcrops 露头unweathered outcrops未经风化的露头cuttings 岩屑core 岩心板块学说与地球内部构造Hypocenter 震源Epicenter 震中Tsunami 海啸tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake 火山地震seismograph 地震仪longitudinal wave 纵波transversal wave 横波epicentral distance 震中距isoseismal line 等震线magnitude 震级aerolite 石陨石aerosiderite 铁陨石pallasite 石铁陨mohorovicic discontinuity 莫霍面gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡面crus 地壳mantle 地幔core 地核match asthenosphere 软流圈lithosphere 岩石圈oceanic crust 大洋地壳continental crust 大陆地壳continental drift 大陆漂移pangaea联合古陆Laurasia (old) land劳亚古陆gondwana land冈瓦纳古陆Tethys古地中海mantle convection hypothesis地幔对流说ocean floor spreading 海底扩张plate tectonics 板块构造mid oceanic ridge 洋脊rift 裂谷active continental margin活动大陆边缘stable continental margin稳定大陆边缘volcanic arc 火山弧Trench 海沟benioff zone 毕鸟夫带collisional orogenic belt碰撞造山带guyot 海底平顶山island chain 岛链mantle plume 地幔柱hot spot 热点magnetic inclination 磁倾角magnetic declination 磁偏角geomagnetic reversal 地磁逆转transform fault 转换断层wilson cycle 威尔逊旋回plate margin 板块边缘风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化spheroidal weathering 球状风化differential weathering 差异风化soil 土壤weathering crust 风化壳1.有关河流地质作用sheet flow 片流torrent 洪流deluvium 坡积物proluvial fan 冲积扇gully 冲沟valley 河谷river bed 河床base level of erosion 侵蚀基准面head erosion 溯源侵蚀crescent lake 牛轭湖capture 袭夺turbulence 紊流aggradation 加积作用delta 三角洲terrace 阶地erosion plain 准平原2.有关冰川地质作用snow line 雪线continental glacier 大陆冰川mountain glacier 山岳冰川piedmont glacier 山麓冰川glacial valley 冰蚀谷kar 冰斗roche moutonnee 羊背石glacial scratches 冰川擦痕glacial till 冰碛物tillite 冰碛岩glacial erratic boulder 冰川漂砾varve 季候泥3.有关地下水地质作用Aquifer 含水层aquiclude 隔水层water table 潜水层hypogene spring 上升泉gravity spring 下降泉groundwater 潜水confined water 承压水pore water 孔隙水crack water/ fissure water 裂隙水cavern water 溶洞水geothermal field 地热田stalactite 钟乳石sinter 泉华4.有关海洋地质作用Benthos 底栖生物Haloplankton 浮游生物Wave 波浪tidal current 潮流turbidity current 浊流lagoon 泻湖offshore外滨foreshore前滨backshore后滨5.有关湖泊、沼泽地质作用tectonic lake 构造湖paternoster lakes 串珠湖barrier lake 堰塞湖salt lake 盐湖peat 泥炭fen 沼泽6.有关风地质作用Corrosion 磨蚀Ventifact 风棱石sand hill 砂丘barchane/ barkhan新月形砂丘desert 沙漠loess 黄土desertification 沙漠化地球演化gravitative differentiation 重力分异protoatmosphere 原始气圈ediacara fauna 埃迪卡拉动物群continental nucleus 陆核shield 地盾trilobite 三叶虫graptolites 笔石cephalopoda 头足纲Brachiopoda 腕足类Dinosaurs 恐龙Archaeopteryx 始祖鸟Paleogeography 古地理。