LECTURE 11 倒装结构本堂目标:熟悉在何种情况下使用完全倒装、何种情况下使用部分倒装,了解倒装结构中主谓语的一致问题,掌握几种固定短语的倒装结构。
基础预习倒装属于句法中的语序范畴。
所谓倒装语序即非自然语序。
自然语序的基本次序是主语在前,谓语在后,那么倒装语序的基本次序则是谓语在前,主语在后。
但究竟是谓语的一部分置于主语之前,还是谓语的全部置于主语之前,又将倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装两种。
一、完全倒装完全倒装即将谓语的全部(主要是指实义动词)置于主语之前;完全倒装出现的频率不是很高,且多为修辞性二、部分倒装部分倒装是指只将谓语的一部分(功能性助动词——系动词、助动词和情态动词)置于主语之前,实义动词仍保留在谓语动词之后。
部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:1.强调性倒装强调性倒装主要指only用于句首强调状语(副词、介词短语或从句)时,句子要实行倒装。
【例】(09-翻译)2.否定性倒装否定性倒装指否定词、半否定词用于句首(但不为主语的一部分)时,句子要实行倒装。
【例1】【例2】3.so...that结构中的so位于句首时在这种结构中,“so+形容词”是主句表语的前置;“so+副词”是主句状语的前置。
同样,句首为to such an extent, to such a degree, to such a point等状语时,句子也要部分倒装;当谓语为be动词时,则全部倒装。
【例】三、倒装中主谓语的一致在倒装句中,其他成分放到句子前部,而主语则往往被置于句子后部。
这时要注意辨认主语,谓语动词要同主语保持一致。
【例】重点讲解一、as/though 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装二、as 引导方式状语从句可倒装As 引导方式状语从句,从句可采用倒装结构,该结构一般为:as+助动词+主语。
这里as 往往是代替被省略的谓语部分。
【例】三、常见的需要用倒装的固定搭配【补充拓展】三、虚拟倒装虚拟倒装指在虚拟语气中,可以将were, should, had 等词提至主语前,而将if 省略所形成的倒装。
【例】课堂练习难句分析1.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom see m alien to many readers.2. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed — and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (05-翻译)3. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (04-翻译)4. With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. (00-Text 4)5. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underpriviledged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.6. As a matter of fact, all the planets, except the one we live on, bear names that come from Roman mythology, including the planet that is farthest away from the sun and for that reason was called after the Roman god of the dead.7. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (04-翻译)8. Adding to a wo man’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Y ehuda. (08-Text 1)9. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (08-翻译)课堂讲评1. 【分析】复合句。
主句的主干为There exists a social and cultural disconnect。
注意因副词there位于句首,主句中运用了全部倒装,正常语序应为a social and cultural disconnect exists there。
which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句,其中包含why引导的宾语从句。
【译文】新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化的断层,这就有助于解释为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模板”对许多读者来说看似是那么陌生。
2. 【分析】本句是由破折号后的and连接的并列句。
前一分句中which引导的定语从句修饰means;破折号后面的部分进一步补充说明前面的内容,后一分句never前置引起部分倒装。
【译文】电视是引发和传递这些感受的方式之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同国家和民族连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
3. 【分析】该句包含由and连接的两个并列分句。
前一分句是though引导的让步状语从句,句式倒装,Odd置于句首起强调作用,正常语序为Though it sounds odd;介词短语of some respected ideas作定语修饰consequence,在后一个分句中,that引导的从句作convinced的宾语。
【译文】宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特,但在科学上看来它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论的可信推论。
许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
4. 【分析】分号将该句隔为两个并列分句。
第一个分句的主干With economic growth has come centralization是一个倒装结构,正常的词序是Centralization has come with economic growth;第二个分句中含有一个where引导的定语从句,修饰cities。
【译文】随着经济的发展,集中化与之俱来,在日本一亿一千九百万人当中,有76%以上的人口住在城市,在那里群居和几世同堂的大家庭已经被摒弃,人们都愿意两代人分开单过。
5. 【分析】该句是由and连接的并列句。
后一分句中的表语how able前置,正常语序是:…youngster might have been how able,其后的had he grown up…是虚拟条件中省略if的倒装结构,等于if he had grown up…。
【译文】例如,它们并不弥补明显的社会不公,因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大的才干。
6. 【分析】复合句。
句子的主干为all the planets…bear names。
except表示一种排除否定,其后的we live on为省略引导词that的定语从句,修饰the one;第一个that引导的定语从句修饰先行词names;including…作状语,套嵌that引导的定语从句,修饰the planet。
【译文】事实上,除了我们居住的地球外,所有行星的名字都来源于罗马神话,其中包括离太阳最远的行星,正因为离太阳最远,它以罗马的死神命名。
7. 【分析】该句属于强调性倒装。
Only用于句首强调时间状语recently,句子实行倒装;句中包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰languages。
【译文】直到最近,语言学家们才开始认真研究那些与他们自己的母语完全不同的语言。
8. 【分析】为了使上下文连贯,第一个句子运用了倒装形式,正常语序是:her increased “opportunities” for stress are adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals;直接引语中的两个句子都含有that引导的表语从句。
【译文】随着女性产生压力的化学物质的增加,她们承受压力的“机会”更多了。
叶胡达博士说,“并不是女性应付压力的能力不强,而是她们需要应付的压力过多。
”温习语法熟悉词汇考研三轮复习79. 【分析】本句为so…that引导的结果状语从句,从句为倒装句,正常语序应为It was so poor…。
or 连接的两个并列名词结构a single date和 a line of poetry作remember的宾语;for more than a few days作定语修饰宾语。