第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。
在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。
2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。
Ⅱ. ParliamentThe UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801.Ⅱ. 议会英国议会成立于1707年。
从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。
1. The Crown or SovereignThe country is governed in the name of the Crown, by His or Her Majesty’s Government—a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.1. 王权还是主权国家以国王的名义，由国王或女王陛下的政府治理—由内阁大臣组成，他们是选民投票选出的任何政党的主要成员，并对议会负责。
2. The House of Lords(1) The House of Lords originated in the 11th century.(2) The members of the House of Lords are not elected. The Lords is made up ofpeers of the realm, the highest clergy in the Church of England, and the highest judges.2. 上议院(1) 上议院起源于十一世纪。
(2) 上议院的成员不是选举产生的。
上议院由王国的贵族、英格兰教会的最高神职人员和最高法官组成。
3. The House of Commons(1) The House of Commons is the real legislative branch. The national chief executive is the prime minister.(2) All legislation is introduced by the majority party. Under the law all legislationmust be passed by the Commons and Lords in identical form and be assented (agreed) to by the monarch.3.下议院(1) 下议院是真正的立法部门。
国家行政长官是首相。
(2) 所有的立法都是由多数党提出的。
根据法律，所有的立法必须由上议院和下议院以相同形式通过，必须由君主同意。
4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet(1) All political power rests with the prime minister and the cabinet, and the monarch must act on their advice.(2) The cabinet is subject to Parliament.4. 首相和内阁(1) 所有的政治权利都掌握在首相和内阁手中，君主必须按照他们的建议行事。
(2) 内阁受制于议会。
Ⅲ. Regional Government(1) Northern Ireland took power in 1999 and assumed some powers previously heldexclusively by the central Parliament at Westminster, to which they remain subordinate.(2) Since 1999 Wales has also had its own assembly, but because it has neitherlegislative nor tax-gathering powers, the Welsh assembly is significantly less powerful than the Scottish Parliament.Ⅲ. 地方政府(1) 北爱尔兰于1999年掌权，并获得了一些以前只由威斯敏斯特中央议会拥有的权力，但他们仍然从属于威斯敏斯特中央议会。
(2) 自1999年起，威尔士也有了自己的议会，但由于既没有立法权也没有收税权，威尔士议会的权力明显不如苏格兰议会。
Ⅳ. Local Government(1) Local governments have very few legislative powers and must act within theframework of laws passed by the central Parliament (and by the Scottish Parliament in Scotland).(2) Local governments have the power to enact regulations and to levy rates(property taxes) within limits set by the central government.(3) Throughout England, parish and town councils form the lowest tier of localgovernment. The next tier of local government is usually known in England and Northern Ireland as a district, borough, or city.Ⅳ. 当地政府(1) 当地政府几乎没有立法权，必须在中央议会(以及苏格兰议会)通过的法律框架内行事。
(2) 地方政府有权制定规章，并在中央政府规定的范围内征收税率(财产税)。
(3) 在整个英格兰，教区和镇议会构成了地方政府的最低层级。
下一级地方政府通常在英格兰和北爱尔兰被称为区、自治的市镇或城市。
Ⅴ. JusticeThe courts alone declare the law, but the courts accept any act of Parliament as part of the law.Ⅴ. 司法只有法院才能宣布法律，但是法院接受议会的一切行为是法律的一部分。
Ⅵ.Political Process1. Elections(1) All citizens aged 18 or older are eligible to vote in parliamentary and localelections as well as in elections to the European Parliament.(2) Registration of voters is compulsory and carried out annually. Candidates forelection to Parliament or a local council are normally chosen by the local parties. Ⅵ. 政治进程1. 选举(1) 所有年满十八岁的公民都有资格在议会和地方选举以及欧洲议会选举中投票。
(2) 选民登记是强制性的，每年进行一次。
议会或地方议会的候选人通常由地方政党选出。
2. Two-part SystemA two-party system has existed in the UK since the late 17th century. The two-party system, together with uncertainty about the timing of a general election, has produced the British phenomenon of the official opposition.2. 两党制英国自17世纪后期就存在两党制。