初中英语作文常犯的十大语法错误总结
1. 不一致问题
所谓不一致不仅指主谓不一致,它还包括数的不一致、时态不一致以及代词不一致等。
例1.Each of the boys have a pen.
解析:复数名词前有表个体的each of, one of, every,either of等词组修饰,或有表否定的neither of, none of 等词组修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
应该改为each of the boys has a pen.
例2.Neither he nor you is good at English.
解析:either... or..., neither... nor..., not only..., but also... 等词组连接句子的两个主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”, 即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。
应该改为neither he nor you are good at English.
2.时态使用错误
例1.Water will boil at 100℃。
解析表示客观真理的局子,应用一般现在时。
改为water boils at 100℃。
例2:I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday.
解析:习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,如果
主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
应该改为:I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.例3:Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun.
解析:习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态。
但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时,则不受主句时态的影响,而用一般现在时。
应该改为:Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun.
3.介词使用错误
例1:She hid herself after the tree.
解析:after多用来表达某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如:I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。
本句应该改为:She hid herself behind the tree.
例2:Shanghai is on the east of China.
解析:在表达地理位置时有3个介词:in, on, to。
in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。
如:Japan is to the east of China. 本句应该改为:Shanghai is in the east of China.
例3:Ill leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.
解析:leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词。
这样的搭配还有:start for 动身前往某处,set out for,sail for。
本句应该改为:I‘ll leave Beijing for Shanghai tomorrow.
4. 词性错误
词性错误通常表现为:介词当动词用,形容词当副词用,名词当动词用等等。
例1:He began to cook dinner because of hungry.
解析:because of 后面应该跟名词,hungry是形容词,应该改为hunger。
例2.She went to asleep after she finished her homework.
解析:asleep是形容词,这里误用作动词。
改为she went to sleep after she finished her homework.
例3.That place is danger.
解析:danger是名词,这里误用作形容词。
改为:That place is dangerous.
5. 指代不清
指代不清主要指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。
如下面这一句:Mary is friendly to lily because she wants her to help her.读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断出谁需要谁帮忙,如果我们把易于误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然,这个句子可以改为:Mary is friendly to lily because she wants lily to help her.
例1.We can also know our society by serving it yourself.
解析:句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
改为:we can also know our society by serving it ourselves.
6. 间断句子
什么叫间断句子?请看下面的例句:
例1.It’s important for us we know lots of information.
解析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:it’s important for us以及we know lots of information.
7. 措辞问题
措辞问题是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,由于教学时间紧,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往很有限,导致了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲习惯,所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
例1.He is either too tall or too short.
解析:显然,考生把neither…nor…(既不…也不…)误用作either…or…了,因为说一个人的个子时,不能说成“高或者矮”,而应该是“既不太高也不太矮”。
改为:he is neither too tall nor too short.
8. 累赘
语言以简洁为佳。
能用单词的不用词组,能用词组不用句子。
例1.Except the fact that she is lazy, I like her..
解析:本句的she is lazy是同位语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用句子”这一原则可以进行下面的修改。
改为:except her laziness, I like her.
例2.The people who are in Brazil are working hard for the 2016 Olympics.
解析:本句中的who are in Brazil是个定语从句,我们按着上述“能用词组不用句子”的原则可以对这句话进行修改。
改为: the people in Brazil are working hard for the 2016 Olympics.
9. 不连贯
不连贯是指一个句子前言不搭后语,或是结构上不合理。
这也是考生常犯的错误。
例1.Happiness,it is the most important things in the world.
解析:happiness 与逗号后的it不连贯,另外,it与things在数上也不一致。
改为:happiness is the most important thing in the world.
10. 综合性语言错误
所谓综合性语言错误,是指除了上述几种错误意外,还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写方面的错误。
例1.Today,time to everybody is very important, our study work. 解析:这句话表达不清晰,有综合性语言错误。
改为:today, time is very important to everybody’s work and study.如今,时间对每个人的工作和学习都非常重要。