I.第一单元A定义1Design features of language.The features that define our human languages can be called design features, including arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement.2. Functions of languageInformative, Interpersonal（maintain social relations）, Performative, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能3.Main branches of linguisticsPhonetics: the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds语音学Phonology: the study of speech sounds of a language as a system音系学Morphology: the internal structures of words形态学Syntax: the internal structures of sentences.句法学Semantics: the study of meaning as encoded in language.语义学Pragmatics: the study of language use, meaning in context.语用学B 填空1 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2 Langue vs parole (Saussure)C 翻译termsD topic Qs1 Important distinction in linguisticsDescriptive (native speakers) vs prescriptive （rules for correct uses of language）studies Synchronic (used at a particular point) vs diachronic studies (changes over time)Langue vs parole (Saussure)--Langue (language) is the language system: social, essential, stable; Parole (speech) is the actual use of the language system: individual,accidental, unstableCompetence vs performance--Competence is the underlying knowledge about one’s language; Performance is the actual use of that knowledge in language usesituations.Syntagmatic （组合关系）vs paradiamatic relations（聚合关系）Modern linguistics第二课QUESTIIONS1Phonetics (divisions; speech organs;)The three branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics: the study of sound productionAcoustic phonetics: the study of sound transmission between interlocutorsAuditory phonetics: the study of sound perceptionSpeech organsLungs肺trachea (wind pipe)气管vocal folds (cords)声带:glottis声门: apart (voiceless: /p/), close together (voiced: /b/), totally closed (glottal stop: /?/ tongue tip舌尖tongue blade舌叶tongue front舌前tongue back舌后tongue root舌跟epiglottis会厌hard palate硬颚soft palate (velum)软颚uvula小舌teeth 牙teeth ridge (alveolar ridge) 齿龈lips (labium)唇nose鼻l arynx喉ph arynx咽vocal tract声道2 Consonants and vowels (How are they defined or described?)Consonants: when there is an obstruction of the air stream in the production of a sound1)Manners of articulation:stop/fricative…2) Places of articulation/ bilabial, dental,alveolar…3) V oicing: voiced vs voiceless or unvoiced 4) Nasal vs oral: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ vs other consonants 5) Lateral vs central: /l/V owels is produced without obstruction of air in the pronunciation of vowels1) The part of the tongue that is raised: front /i:/, central /ə/, back / ɑ/2) The height of the tongue: high, mid, low; closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /ε/, open /a/3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings: /a/, /au/5) Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels: /i:/, /I/3 distinctive features（*）a phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of features -- t phonological; binary; articulatorily and acoustically based features.DEFINITIONIPA international phonetic alphabetmanner and place of articulation发音部位和发音方法stop (plosive)爆破音nasal 鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio-dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar 软腭音uvular小舌音RP 标准发音received pronunciation GA General American通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme 音位minimal pairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimilation 同化unvoiced清音epenthesis syllable structure音节结构open/closed syllable开音节stress重音intonation语调tone音调不确定Diacritics 变音符（*）(median or central) approximant央通音2填空题σ(syllable)1onset rhymepeak codac a p (CVC)An Outline for the T est in Linguistics (2012)1 term中英文名二十个2 名词解释五个3 填空十五个4 回答问题二个The test in linguistics will cover the first five chapters of the textbook. Students are expected to get familiar with the content of the following sections (of the book) and the linguistic terms and concepts listed below.II. 1. Design features of language.2. Functions of language3. Main branches of linguistics4. Important distinction in linguistics5.Phonetics (divisions; speech organs;)6.Consonants and vowels (How are they defined or described?)7.Formation of words (morphemes, compounding forms, lexical change)8.Syntactic relations/function/category9.Phrase/clause/sentence10.Sense relations(synonymy/ antonymy / hyponymy)III.Linguistic terms:IPA manner and place of articulation stop (plosive) nasal fricative affricatebilabial labio-dental alveolar velar uvular RP GA coarticulation aspirated phoneme minimal pairs allophone assimilation unvoiced epenthesis distinctive features syllable structure open/closed syllable stressintonation tone open/closed class (words) word class derivation loan word broadening/narrowing folk etymology syntagmatic/paradigmatic immediate constituents coordination subordination number gender case agreement (concord) recursiveness cohesion word/phrase/sentence meanings。