Part I Writing(30 minutes)The Challenges of Living in a Big City【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore, I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that you can't find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents' sense of happiness.【7】As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you?话题词汇: unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会fast pace快节奏pressure压力lifestyle生活方式environment环境urban城市的health健康Part III Reading ComprehensionSection A【词性分析】:名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具,车辆动词:B) associated与…相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对……有不良影响G) described描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把…系起来;M) sources来自……;找出…的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.1.die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子2.trillion[ˈtrɪljən]n. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的3.welfare [ˈwelfeə(r)] n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁4.alone [əˈləʊn] adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有;The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.5.source [sɔrs] n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源6.remain [rɪˈmen]n.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留7.constant [ˈkɒnstənt] adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain. 在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。

8.despite [dɪˈspaɪt] prep. 不管; 尽管（自己）不愿意; 不在乎; n. 侮辱; 憎恨; 怨恨; 轻蔑的拒绝或不承认例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation（健康指标与评估研究所所长）Chris Murray 30-described it as an“urgent call to action”action. One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individual s have little 31-control ,”he said.9.institute [ˈɪnstɪtju:t] vt. 建立; 制定; 开始; 着手n. 协会; 学会; 学院; （教育、专业等）机构例句：He thought of trying for a position in a research institute. 他想方设法在一个研究机关找个工作.10.metric[ˈmetrɪk] adj. 米制的，公制的health metrics 健康指标11.evaluate [ɪˈvæljueɪt]v. 评价，估价12.urgent[ˈɜ:dʒənt] adj. 急迫的; 催促的; 强求的; 极力主张的例句：There is an urgent need for food and water13.premature[ˈpremətʃə(r)] adj. 过早的; 提前的; 早产的; 草率的A fire caused the premature closing of the exhibition. 火灾迫使展览会提前结束.abortionThe effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32-equals nearly, 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they 33-regularly expensive dangerous levers of outdoor air pollution.bor['leɪbə(r)]n.劳动;劳工;v. 努力争取(for); 苦干adj. 劳工的，工会的But the problem is not limited 34-exlcusively to the the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel( [ˈdi:zl] 柴油) 35-vehicles have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.petrol [ˈpetrəl] = gasoline [ˈgæsəli:n]splash petrolFood-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress食物即药物运动正在取得进展A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles(aisle [aɪl]n.过道，通道; 侧廊) of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau(丹尼尔·那多), wander ing(wander [ˈwɒndə(r)]vt.①漫步,游荡,闲逛;②（道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折;③（人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想) the cereal( [ˈsɪəriəl]n.谷物; 荞麦食品adj. 谷物的) aisle with Allison Scott （艾莉森·斯科特）, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently(adv.坚持地; 固执地) avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?”he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”B) Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician( [fɪˈzɪʃn]n.医生，内科医生) who is program director ofC) Nadeau notices the pre-made(预先配制,现成的) macaroni ([ˌmækəˈrəʊni]通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott'seat it. They just won't eat it.”D) Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “ And only 5 percent of our food isplant-based food. I think we should try to reverse([rɪˈvɜ:s] v.（使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换;撤消) that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.E)Nadeau is part of a small revolution([ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn] n.革命;彻底改变) developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it's making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely( [ˈsəʊlli]adv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地) on medications(药物). By prescribing nutritional( [njʊ'trɪʃənl]adj.营养的;滋养的) changes or launching programs such as 'Shop with Your Doc’ , they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward(可以取得很大进步) reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer, by food choices,” Nadeau says.F) In the big picture（从大局来看）, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health,medical institution s（institution[ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn]n.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构; 惯例，制度）across the state are starting to make a philosophical（[ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkl] adj.哲学上的）switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes（[ˈekəʊ]n.回声，共鸣）the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program（[ˌθer əˈpju:tɪk][ˈpæntri] 治疗性食物储藏室项目）at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital（扎克伯格旧金山综合医院）, which completed its pilot phase [feɪz] （试验阶段）and is about to expand on an ongoing（[ˈɒngəʊɪŋ]不断变化的）basis to five clinic（[ˈklɪnɪk] n.诊所，门诊部）sites throughout（[θru:ˈaʊt] prep.（表示时间）自始至终; 在…期间; 遍及…地域; 遍及…场所adv. 处处; 始终; 在所有方面）the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive（[ɪnˈtensɪv]adj.加强的，强烈的）training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food, ”says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital's medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives（健康食品倡议initiative[ɪˈnɪʃətɪv]n.倡议adj.自发的）. "We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”G)In Southern California,Loma Linda University School of Medicine（洛马·琳达大学医学院）is offering specialized training for its resident physicians（住院医师）in Lifestyle Medicine--that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially（[səbˈstænʃəli] adv.本质上，实质上; 大体上; 充分地; 相当多地）from dietary（['daɪətərɪ] adj.饮食的例如：dietary supplement膳食补充品）changes. Nonetheless（adv.虽然如此）, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation's high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke（[strəʊk]中风）are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol（[kəˈlestərɒl] 胆固醇）and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.H）“It's a different paradigm( [ˈpærədaɪm]范式) of how to treat disease, ”says Dr. Brenda Rea（布伦达·雷）, who helps run the family and preventive（[prɪˈventɪv] n. 预防; 防止adj.预防的）medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients' nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard（[ˈkʌbəd]n.橱柜; 衣柜; 食物柜; 壁橱）and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.I) Many people don't know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform（[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.改变;改观;变换）a patient's life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease”.J) Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation ( [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn]炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable（inhospitable [ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl] adj.不好客的，不友好的; 不适于居住的）to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet--particularly for people with diabetesor other inflammatory conditions.K) “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice（有发言权）in it.”36.More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37.There is a special program that assign s doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.assign[əˈsaɪn]vt. 分派，指定，选派（某人）；分配(某物); 归于，归属; [法律] 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人The two large rooms have been assigned to us.=we have been assigned two large rooms.Assign sth to sb =assign sb sthThey’ve assigned their best man to the job.Assignment (分配)任务；工作38.There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.recover [rɪˈkʌvə(r)] vt. 恢复; 重新获得; 找回；恢复健康（体力、能力等）recover from从…收回[取回]; 恢复，痊愈例句：She returned to her family home to recover from an illness.39.A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40.Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribe s food for treatment but teaches patients how tocook it.prescribe [prɪˈskraɪb] vt. 指定，规定; 指定，规定;开处方41.Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.42.Diabetes([ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] 糖尿病) patients are advised to eat more plant-based(植物性) food.ing food as medicine is no novel( [ˈnɒvl]adj.新奇的;异常的) idea, but the movement is making headway(n. 前进; 进展) these days.45.Americans' high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.result from 产生于…,由…引起例句：Many hair problems result from what you eat.result in引起，导致，以…为结局例句：Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.Passage oneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought( [draʊt]n.干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾) for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump( [pʌmp]用抽水机汲水;用泵（或泵样器官等）输送;) freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution([ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn]n.分配，分布) system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling（drill [drɪl]n钻头; 军事训练; v. 钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练）of wells could only reach depths of 1, 000 feet, but due to new pumping（pump[pʌmp] n.泵; 打气筒; v. 用抽水机汲水; 给…打气; 用泵）practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted( [ˈekstrækt]v.抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers( [ˈækwɪfə(r)]地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1, 000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns.The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant( [ˈveɪkənt]adj.空闲的; 空缺的; 空虚的) space left is compacted([kəmˈpækt] v. 压紧; 把…弄紧密，把…弄结实; 使（文体）简洁adj. 紧凑的; 简洁的，) by the weight of the earth above.Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating ( [ˌdi:ˌsælɪˈneɪʃn]脱盐) the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible([ˈfi:zəbl] adj. 可行的; 可用的; 可实行的), but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo( [ˌʌndəˈgəʊ]vt.经历，经验; 遭受) desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2, 700 billion cubic( [ˈkju:bɪk]adj.立方体的) meters of freshwater.46. How could California's drought（[draʊt]n.旱季; 干旱）crisis be solved according to some researchers?A) By building more reserves of groundwater.B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.C) By developing more advanced drilling devices. drill[drɪl]n. 操练; 钻头; 军事演习v钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练D) By upgrading its water distribution system.upgrade[ˌʌpˈgreɪd]vt. 提升; 使（机器、计算机系统等）升级; 提高（设施、服务等的）档次; 提高（飞机乘客、旅馆住客等）的待遇downgrade[ˌdaʊnˈgreɪd] v. 使降低; 使降职; 贬低; 低估advance[ədˈvɑ:ns]adj. 预先的;vt.（使）前进; 将…提前It is a good idea to place your order well in advance.Too much protein [ˈprəʊti:n] in the diet may advance/accelerate the ageing process. 饮食中摄入过量蛋白质可能会加速衰老。