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Summary of Related Papers
• Title : Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific ,1941-1942 • Author: Ian W. Toll • Thesis Statement: The doctrine of Alfred Thayer Mahan’s maritime warfare , specially the iron rule of concentration and the annihilation of the enemy fleet in a single decisive engagement ,shaped the opening salvos of the Pacific war.
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B-25的轰炸地点和坠机地点
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The Battle of Coral Sea May 7th-8th 1942 • Background: Why did it start?
• 1. The Japanese planned to conduct an attack against Port Moresby, New Guinea to get full access to the immediate north of Australia. • 2. They were going to take over New Guinea and build base there because of the wide open area. 1942年5～6月，日本 为了切断美国和澳大利亚 的联系，相继进攻所罗门 群岛和行动，在珊瑚海海 战中，日海军与美军相遇， 爆发了人类历史上第一次 航母之间发生的海战。
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Japanese Force
Japanese plan to attack the Island of Midway— Expanding their hold on the Central Pacific.
Allied force
American intelligence intercepted (拦截) Japanese plans and knew the impending Japanese attack.
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Fleet Strength
Allied Fleet Japanese Fleet
2 fleet carriers
1 light carrier 9 cruisers 15 destroyers 5 minesweepers 2 minelayers 2 submarine chasers 3 gunboats 1 oil tanker 1 seaplane tender 12 transports 127 carrier aircraft
The War in the Pacific
Doolittle Raid
Battle of Midway
1942 April
1942 May
1942 June
1942 November
Battle of Coral Sea
Battle of Guadalcanal
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目录CONTENTS
2 fleet carriers
9 cruisers 13 destroyers 2 oilers 1 seaplane tender 128 carrier aircraft
x x x x x x
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Japanese Force
Japanese sent two important carrier — the Shokaku and the Zuikaku . The Shokaku was damaged in the war by 3 bomber planes that Yorktown had sent over. Japanese lost the aircraft carrier Shoho, suffered heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku.
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Battle of Midway
June 1942
Battle of Midway, a decisive naval battle of World WarⅡ that demonstrated bombers from aircraft carriers, properly utilized , could defeat a superior surface force. This victory by the United States over Japan ended the Japanese advance in the Pacific Ocean. 中途岛战役，是第二次世界大战的一场重要战役，也是美国海军以少 胜多的一个著名战例。美国海军不仅在此战役中成功地击退了日本海 军对中途岛环礁的攻击，还得到了太平洋战区的主动权，因此成为二 战太平洋战区的转折点
Doolittle Raid
April 18, 1942
• The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, was the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese Home Islands during World War II. Led by General James “Jimmy ” Doolittle , Sixteen U.S. Army Air Forces B-25B Mitchell medium bombers were launched from the U.S. Navy’s aircraft carrier USS Hornet to give a raid over Tokyo. • Though the raid had little actual military significance, but gave Americans an immense psychological boost. • 1942年4月18日美国派出由吉米· 杜立特 中校指挥的16架B-25米切尔式轰炸机，轰 炸日本本土包括首都东京在内的几座城市。 作为对1941年12月7日日军偷袭珍珠港的 报复。 • 这次空袭给日本造成的物质损失微不足 道，但在心理上极大震撼了日本朝野。这 次空袭确实对战争产生了深远的影响。它 直接导致了后来的中途岛战役。
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V. S.
Allied Force
Admiral Fletcher's fleet, led by the carrier U.S.S. Yorktown, met up with Admiral Fitch's fleet, led by the carrier U.S.S. Lexington. Yorktown had sent 24 dive bombers, 9 torpedo planes ,and 6 fighting planes. L e x i n g t o n wa s s u n k a n d Yorktown seriously damaged .
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The Turning Point in the Pacific War
• The Battle of Midway became the turning point for the Allies, resulting in the first defeat of the Japanese Navy, and ending the Japanese advance across the Central Pacific. • 在中途岛海战中，日军兵力分散，对美军估计不足，且指 挥混乱，被美军突袭成功，五分钟之内开始， 日本由战略进攻转入战略相持。
The Japanese fleet hoped to draw the remaining U.S. aircraft carriers into battle.
Yamamoto erred in dividing his force of more than 160 vessels.
The U.S. commander, Adam. Chester Nimitz, sent their entire carrier force including the carriers Hornet ,Enterprise ,and Yorktown. They succeeded in sinking four Japanese carriers, losing only the “Yorktown”.
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• Contents: • Part one gives a riveting narratives of a period in which American sea power blunted the tip of Japanese spear at Midway. • Part Two uses reports and documents to present the conflicting viewpoints of both rivals. • Part Three came up with the conclusion that the importance of the Battle of Midway has been exaggerated, because it only resulted in a subsequent way of attrition that Japan could not win.