81、The construction contract price includes the direct project cost including field supervisionexpenses plus the markup imposed by contractors for general overhead expenses and profit.建设工程合同价格由包括现场管理费在内的直接工程费和承包商添加的包括间接费和利润在内的增加值这两部分组成。
2、Within each of the major categories of construction such as residential housing, commercial buildings, industrial complexes and infrastructure, there are smaller segments which have very different environments with regard to price setting.在建设工程的每一主要类型中（如居住用房、商业建筑、工业建筑和基础建设），有更小的部分，关于价格的制定有非常不同的环境。
3、However, all pricing arrangements have some common features in the form of the legaldocuments binding the owner and the supplier(s) of the facility.约束业主和设备供应商的法律文件形式规定的计价方式是有一些相同之处的。
4、Without addressing special issues in various industry segments, the most common types ofpricing arrangements can be described broadly to illustrate the basic principles.在不考虑各建筑类型不同的情况下，最常用的计价方式可以根据概括介绍如下，并说明其基本原则。
5、The basic structure of the bidding process consists of the formulation of detailed plans andspecifications of a facility based on the objectives and requirements of the owner, and the invitation of qualified contractors to bid for the right to execute the project.招投标过程中的基本结构由根据业主的目标和要求编制实施的详细图纸和技术要求说明书，以及邀请合格的承包商为取得工程施工的权利而投标所组成的。
6、In the private sector, the owner has considerable latitude in selecting the bidders, rangingfrom open competition to the restriction of bidders to a few favored contractors.在私营部门，业主在选择投标人有相当大的自由，范围从公开竞争的投标人到将投标人限制在若干个业主所喜欢的投标人。
7、In the public sector, the rules are carefully delineated to place all qualified contractors on anequal footing for competition, and strictly enforced to prevent collusion among contractors and unethical or illegal actions by public officials.在公共项目领域中，需详细的制定规则，以使所有预审合格的承包商在平等基础上竞争，并严格执行，以防止承包商之间的相互串通和政府官员的不道德或违法行为。
8、In such cases, the contractor is permitted to submit a list of unit prices for those tasks, andthe final price used to determine the lowest bidder is based on the lump sum price computed by multiplying the quoted unit price for each specified task by the corresponding quantity in the owner's estimates for quantities.在这种情况下，允许承包商提交这些任务的分部分项工程量的单价表，而于确定最低投标人的最终价格是基于总投标报价时所用的计算方法，既通过将通过承包商对每一具体分部分项工程所报的单价乘以业主估算的相应工程量。
9、A major reason for using negotiated contracts is the flexibility of this type of pricingarrangement, particularly for projects of large size and great complexity or for projects which substantially duplicate previous facilities sponsored by the owner采用协议合同的一个主要原因在于这种计价方式的灵活性，尤其是规模较大的和复杂程度高的工程，或者是十分类似业主以前发起的工程。
10、Because the basic needs of home buyers are very similar and home designs can bestandardized to some degree, the probability of finding buyers of good housing units withina relatively short time is quite high.因为购房者的基本需求是都非常类似，因此住房的设计可以在一定程度上标准化，所以好的房子在短时间内找到购买者的可能性非常高。
101、Good scheduling can eliminate problems due to production bottlenecks, facilitate the timelyprocurement of necessary materials, and otherwise insure the completion of a project as soon as possible.一个好的计划可以消除生产瓶颈所带来的问题，便于必备材料的及时采购，同时可尽可能地保证工程如期的完成。
2、In contrast, poor scheduling can result in considerable waste as laborers and equipment waitfor the availability of needed resources or the completion of preceding tasks.相反，不合理的计划则会导致因等待所需资源的可用和前任务的完成所造成的人工和设备的大量浪费。
3、After the completion of construction, similar comparisons between the planned scheduleand the actual accomplishments may be performed to allocate the liability for project delays due to changes requested by the owner, worker strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.在工程完工之后，通过类似于计划进度和实际进度之间的比较，可以对由于业主提出的变更要求、工人罢工或者其他不可预见的情况导致的工程延期的责任进行分摊。
4、In particular, the critical path method of scheduling is commonly required by owners and hasbeen taught in universities for over two decades, but is often regarded in the field as irrelevant to actual operations and a time consuming distraction.尤其是业主普遍需要的进度计划中的关键线路发法，这种方法虽然在大学里已经教授了二十几年了，但是在一些领域中，这种方法经常不但被认为与一些实际操作毫无相关，而且是对时间和精力的浪费。
5、The result is "seat-of-the-pants" scheduling that can be good or that can result in grosslyinefficient schedules and poor productivity.结果无论是好的还是导致低效率和低生产率的那些进度计划只能做冷板凳6、As a result, the continued development of easy to use computer programs and improvedmethods of presenting schedules have overcome the practical problems associated with formal scheduling mechanisms.事实上，易于上手的计算机软件的不断发展和现有计划方法的改进，已经解决了与正规计划手段有关的实际问题。
7、For example, the project manager's main concern on a high-rise building site might be toinsure that cranes are used effectively for moving materials; without effective scheduling in this case, delivery trucks might queue on the ground and workers wait for deliveries on upper floors.比如，在一个高层建筑工地上，项目经理主要关心的可能是确保起重机能有效地被用来搬运建筑材料。