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英语语法笔记.doc

直接引语与间接引语
引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式:⑴直接引述别人地原话,把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语;⑵用自己的话转述别人的话,这叫间接引语,间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。

(一)主句为过去时态,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要发生变化。

(二)人称在间接引语中的变化:
直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时,也要有相应地变化。

一般遵循“一随主,二
(四)句子结构的变化:
①直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连接词that(也可以省略),同时人称时态,时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。

[ I’ll telephone him this evening ] she said.
改后:she told me that she would telephone him that evening.
Mr Black said [ I made the plan yesterday afternoon ].
改后:Mr Black said that he had made the plan the previous afternoon.
[ I am living here now. ] she said.
改后:She said that she was living there then.
②直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语是,用whether/if 引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语作相应变化。

谓语said通常变为asked。

She asked Tom [ Are you going to Beijing next week? ]
改后:She asked Tom wether he was going to Beijing the next week.
He asked us [ Can I stay here for another two days? ]
改后:He asked us if he could stay there for another two days.
③直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,用原来的疑问句引导,疑问语序变为陈述语序,同时人称,时态,时间状语,地点状语作相应变化。

Mary asked me [ Where are you going tomorrow? ]
改为:Mary asked me where I was going the next day. [ Who has broken my mirror? ] Yu Min asked.
改为:Yu Min asked who had broken her mirror.
My mother asked me [ How long have you been here? ] 改为:My mother asked me how long I had been there.
将来时的表达形式
(一)Will/shall do 表达单纯的将来时,时对未来事情发生的一种预见性,可用于说话时才想到或决定的事情,will用于各种人称,而shall仅用于第一人称。

They will be here by eleven. 他们将在11点之前到达这儿。

My son will be back this evening. 我儿子今晚将回来。

She will be twenty next year. 她明年就20岁了。

①Will 可表示根据当时的情况,临时所做的打算。

Mr Wang is ill in hospital.王先生生病住院了。

——Oh! I’ll go and see him。

哦,我将去看看他。

②表示单纯将来的will通常不用于时间,条件,让步状语从句中,而是用一般现在时代替,
而是用一般现在时代替,从句用一般现在时表将来。

I’ll tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow(see是一般现在时态,表示将来)如果明天见到他,我就告诉他实情。

If引导的条件状语从句使用will时,不表示将来时,而表示意愿。

If you will listen to me,I’ll tell you the truth.(从句中will是情态动词,表示意愿)如果你愿意听我说,我就告诉你实情。

(二)be going to表示将来。

be going to do结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定活安排好要做的事情,还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。

What are you going to do tonight? 今晚你打算做什么?
I’m going to watch the basketball game on TV. 我想要看电视上的篮球赛。

It’s going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。

I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算搜集有关毕加索的材料。

(三)be to do表示按计划中约定的活按职责,义务,要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。

You are to be back by 9 o’clock. 你必须9点以前回来。

(四)be about to do表示眼前地未来,不能和at ten,in an hour等时间状语连用,译为“就要做,正要做”。

be about to do...when...的意思是“正要做....这时...”
You’d better fasten your seat belt. The plane is about to take off.
你最好系好安全带,飞机马上就要起飞了。

I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
我刚要上床睡觉,这时电话响了。

(五)be doing表将来,当句子涉及确切的计划,明确的意图或成为将来安排好的活动时,可用进行时表将来,这种用法要带一个将来的时间状语。

有这种用法的动词有:
come/go/leave/stay/arrive/fly/start/travel/walk/ride/drive/take etc.
She is leaving for Singapore tonight. 她今晚将动身去新加坡。

When are you going off for your holiday? 你什么时候起身去度假?
His plane is taking off at 9:20,so he must be at the airport by 8:00.
他乘坐的飞机将于九点二十分起飞,所以他必须在八点三十分之前赶到机场。

另外,除使用上述表示位移的动词外,也可使用某些非位移动词,如:
do/buy/meet/play/have/publish etc.此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。

Jack is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. Jake今天下午要去见他的女朋友。

I’m pulishing a book this year. 我计划今年要出一本书。

(六)一般现在时表示将来,分两种情况:
①按规定要发生的未来动作,仅限于
go/come/leave/start/stay/return/begin/end/open/close etc.(动词)。

此种形式中的一般现在时表将来,常表示按时刻表、日程表的安排所发生的将来动作。

②用于状语从句中。

New term begins on September 1st. 9月1日新学期开学。

I’ll write to you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。

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