名词 的功用。
当主语，补语，受词1. 名词的种类 单数 / 复数 普通名词 book pencil. Dog. Spaceship 宇宙飞船、 集合名词 class, family, audience 听众。
例如 1. My family islarge. 我家是一个大家庭。
My family are all early risers 专用名词 Bob, Smith, April, London.下面的专用名词需要加上定冠词。
The united states . 美国 物质名词 glass wood paper butter fruit数字 ＋ 容器（度量衡）＋ of ＋ 物质名词A cup of coffee. 一杯咖啡。
A sheet of paper.一张纸。
Two sheets of paper. 两张纸A spoonful of sugar一勺糖。
抽象名词 beauty 美丽 honesty 诚实 love 爱 patience 耐心happiness 幸福 music 音乐。
2. 名词的数 单数 / 个数 2 以上是复数名词字尾加 s 大多数 dog dogs book books girl girls 名词字尾为 s.sh.ch.x.o 加 es classes buses dishes benches boxes 名词字尾为子音加 o ,力口 es 女口 tomatoes 例夕卜photos pianos名词字尾为＋ y 的复数名词要去 y ＋ ies baby-babies story-stories city-cities lady-ladies名词字尾为 f 或 fe 去 f/fe ＋ ves 如 leaf-leaves knife-knives wife-wives例外 handkerchiefschiefs roofs不规则变化的复数名名词字尾加 en , 或 ren 如 Ox-oxen , child-children改变母音如 man-menwoman-womengoose-geese tooth-teethmouse-mice单复数同形 如 fish deer sheep chineses japaneseOne fish two fish （ 个 ） a kind of fish two kinds of fishes （种）3. 名词的所有格单数名词：名词 's 例如 The boy's schoolbag/ Joan's dress 复数名词：名词 s' 例如 a girls' school/ these students' teacher 字尾非 s 的复数名词 :名词 's 例如 children's playground 操场 特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格：名词＋名词＋名词 's 个别所有格：名词's +名词's +名词's1 Harry and Bill's father is a scientist2. Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists 无）生物 所有格： A 的 B B of A the legs of the tablethe door of the carthe girl's name 有生命的东西可以这样用 the name of the girl 所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略1. she's going to the dentist's2． I met him at the barber's （shop ） 3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's.我们在麦当老吃午餐。
起早的人。
我家人都起的很早 专用名词前不能加冠词 不加 S The united Nations . 联合国。
a loaf of bread 一片面包。
Loaves of bread 很多面包4．冠词分为不定冠词 a/an 及定冠词 the, 它通常放在名词前用来修饰名词 a/an 的用法 子音开头的单数用 a a book a girl a young a man母音开头的单数用 an 母音有 5 个（AE I OU ） an apple an umbrella an old woman a/an 的发音 I read a novel.I read a novel,not two. the 的用法 --- 母音前读 （they ）子音前的读 （the ） the apple the novelPlease shut the door. 特指一定要加 theThe rich aren't always happy.the+ 形容词泛指“ ~~的~人”。
般动词的现在时1. be 动词的现在时 am are is 是… 在…We are happy. She is in America.主词（ S ）＋be 动词 （V ）第一人称 I am a boy.第二人称、第三人称 they/复数名词 you 、they 、复数 + areYou are my sons. 你们是我的儿子。
第三人称单数 +is. He is my student.Be 动词的否定 :am/are/is ＋notHe is not a good baseball player. He isn't a good baseball player.He ' s not a good baseball player. are not aren 'tBe 动词的疑问句肯定句 :主词＋ am/are/is疑问句 :am/are/is ＋主词That is his camera. Is that his camera?The girl is a junior high school student. senior high school 高中 Is the girl a junior high school student? junior high school初中Be 动词开头的疑问句可用 yes 或 no 回答 : Yes,S be.No,S be not. Is that man your math teacher ？ Yes,he is.No,he isn'tNo,he is my PE teacher. Areyou eating your lunch ？ Yes, I am. No,I am not.2. 一般动词的现在式 习惯性的动作 正在做的动作主词＋一般动词 现在时中主词为第三人称单数：一般动词＋ s 或 es般动词加 s 或 es 的方法 :Have 和 has have （有 / 吃）的单数动词为 has 。
They have a lot of money.（不可数）He has a lot of money. 三单数用 hasI like dogs. You like dogs. We like dogs.You like dogs.He likes dogs. They like dogs. 第三人称单数＋ s大部分动词加s 发音为s 或z 。
works 无声 [s] ， plays 有声 [z]般动词字尾为 o s sh ch 时加 es 般动词字尾音为 y 时去 y 加 iesgoes[z] washes[iz] watches[iz] crycries study studies一般动词的否定句：不可在一般动词后加not必须用助动词do/doesdo用于主词为I you复数does用于主词为第三人称单数否定句:主词+ do/does + not +原型动词The twin brothers go to school by bus.The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. don'tSam has dinner at the restaura nt.Sam does n't have dinner at the restaura nt.一般动词的疑问句：Do/Does +主词+ 动词原型。
You visit your gra ndmother on Sun day.Do you visit your gra ndmother on Sun day?He comes from En gla nd.Does he come from En gla nd ?do/does开头的疑问句回答：用yes/no之后用do/ does回答Does the little boy go to school?Yes,he does. No,he does n't般过去式be动词一般动词的过去式be 动词的过去式was/were am/is-as are-were过去时be动词的动词表示过去时间中发生的状态，现在_______现在式He is busy now.过去式He was busy then. 那时他很忙。
时间副词改变，动词时态也必须改变。
My parents are at home now __ 。
我的父母现在在家。
My parents were at home yesterday. 我的父母昨天在家。
Be动词（过去式）的否定句：主词+ was/were + notMr brow n was a vet. 否定Mr brow n was n't a vet .Joe and brian were in the living room at that time.at that time=then否定Joe and bria n were n't in the livi ng room at that time ,Be动词过去式的疑问句：was/were +主词Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. Wendy 去年读7 年级。
Was Wendy in the seve nth grade last year?Were you a pianist? Piano 钢琴pianist 钢琴家。
Yes,I was. No,I was n't.一般动词的过去式：规则变化/不规则变化规则变化+ed [t][d][id], 无声则[t]，有声则[d],字尾是[t]或[d]则[id]原型动词+ ed helped[p][t] spelled [l][d] wan ted [t][id] needed 原型动词有 e + d loved dance danced 有例夕卜write worte原型动词为子音+短母音+子音（本身比较短）：重复字尾加ed如stoppedplanned 原型动词为子音有y,去y力口ied女口study-studied cry-cried不规则变化eat-ateread （瑞得）-read （瑞爱得）注意写法一样读音不同ride-rode come-came have-had see-saw go-we nt teach-taught give-gave take-took I walk to school every day. I walked to school yesterday.动词随着时间改变形态Mother goes to a supermarket every morni ng.Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morni ng.主词为第三人称单数过去式不需加s。