一、句子成分(M e m b e r s o f a S e n t e n c e)英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。

但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。

同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。

独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。

1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。

可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的形容词（如the rich）⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦主语从句等表示。

例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.②We often speak English in class.③One-third of the students in this class are girls.④To swim in the river is a great pleasure.⑤Smoking does harm to the health.⑥The rich should help the poor.⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.⑧It is necessary to master a foreign language.⑨That he isn’t a t home is not true.正确运用主语的各种形式2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。

谓语的构成如下：（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

例如：He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语）We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）（2）复合谓语：①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.②由系动词加表语构成。

系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。

例如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：①My sister is crying over there.②I have been waiting for you all the time.③I would stay at home all day.正确运用主语的各种形式3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep,stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。

可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。

例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：①Our teacher of English is an American.②Is it yours?③The weather has turned cold.④The speech is exciting.⑤Three times seven is twenty one.⑥His job is to teach English.⑦His hobby is playing football.⑧The machine must be under repair.⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad.正确运用主语的各种形式4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。

可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦宾语从句等表示。

例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：①They planted many trees yesterday.②-- How many dictionaries do you have? --I have five.③They helped the old with their housework yesterday.④I wanted to buy a car.⑤He pretended not to see me.⑥I enjoy listening to popular music.⑦I think（that）he is fit for his office.正确运用主语的各种形式5.补语：（1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。

宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②形容词③可作表语的副词④不定式⑥分词⑦介词短语⑧从句等表示。

例如：Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：①His father named him Dongming.②They painted their boat white.③Let the fresh air in.④You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.⑤We saw her entering the room.⑥We found everything in the lab in good order.⑦We will soon make our city what your city is now.⑧I want your homework done on time.正确运用主语的各种形式（2）主语补足语：对主语的补充。

含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。

例如：He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。

定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①形容词②名词③代词④数词⑤副词⑥不定式⑦动名词⑧分词⑨介词短语⑩从句。

例如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词作定语）在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。

例如：①形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

例如：The next man is a scientist.（下一个）The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）②副词用作定语一般要后置。

例如：People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）③介词短语作定语时要后置。

例如：The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）④现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。

I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明其构成方式①The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.②The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.③We need a place twice larger than this one.④She carried a basket full of eggs.⑤It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.⑥It’s a city far from the coast.⑦He has money enough to buy a car.⑧The man downstairs was trying to sleep.⑨There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.⑩Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.⑪A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.⑫He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.⑬There are many clothes to be washed.⑭Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.⑮Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.⑯Life here is really comfortable.⑰Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.⑱The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.⑲China is a developing country; America is a developed country.⑳He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.正确运用主语的各种形式7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。