木材英语植物分类plant classification裸子植物gymnosperms被子植物angiosperms双子叶植物dicotyledons单子叶植物monocotyledons针叶树coniferous tree; conifer阔叶树broad-leaved tree; deciduous tree软材，针叶树材soft wood硬材，阔叶树材hard wood木本植物种类kinds of woody plants树木tree灌木shrub[ʃrʌb]木质藤本植物woody liana; woody climber维管植物vascular plant商用木材commercial timber幼龄材young tree老龄材old tree木质茎woody stem细胞cell组织tissue支持组织supporting tissue储存组织storage tissue输导组织conducting tissue树干stem; trunk; bole树根root主枝limb分枝branch小枝branchlet侧向支根lateral branch root小根rootlet根系root system分生组织meristematic tissue永久组织permanent tissue生长点terminal growing point; apical growing point原分生组织promeristem顶端分生组织apical meristem初生分生组织primary meristem表皮原dermatogen皮层原periblem中柱原plerome原形成层procambium表皮epidermis皮层cortex中柱central core stele髓pith形成层cambium初生韧皮部primary phloem初生木质部primary xylem初生长primary growth初生组织primary tissue高生长elongation; elongation of tree stem; height growth 母细胞mother cell子细胞daughter cell次生木质部secondary xylem; secondary wood次生韧皮部secondary phloem周皮periderm北半球northern hemisphere温带树木temperate-zone tree季节性活动seasonal activity形成层活动cambial activity生长轮growth ring年轮annual ring木质部分子xylem element韧皮部分子phloem element木质部（木材）xylem(wood)韧皮部（内皮）phloem(inner bark)尖削度taper植物生长激素plant growth hormone; auxin热带木材tropical wood国产木材domestic wood粗视木材特征gross structure features横切面cross section径切面radial section弦切面tangential section成熟树干mature trunk死皮（外皮）dead (outer)bark活皮（内皮）living(inner)bark边材sapwood心材heartwood正常心材normal heart wood受伤心材wound heartwood假心材false heartwood内含边材included sapwood边材树种sapwood tree熟材树种ripewood tree生长轮growth increment早材early wood; springwood晚材late wood ;summerwood正常年轮ring of normal type; normal growth increment 非正常年轮ring of abnormal type不连续年轮discontinuous ring假年轮false ring木射线wood ray; xylary ray髓射线pith ray木射线肉眼下不明显rays indistinct to the naked eye 木射线肉眼下明显rays distinct to the naked eye宽木射线broad ray叠生木射线storied ray薄壁组织parenchyma射线薄壁组织ray parenchyma轴向薄壁组织longitudinal parenchyma上皮薄壁组织epithelial parenchyma离管型薄壁组织apotracheal parenchyma星散状薄壁组织diffuse parenchyma轮界状薄壁组织terminal parenchyma切线状薄壁组织metatracheal parenchyma宽带状薄壁组织broad-bands parenchyma傍管状薄壁组织paratracheal parenchyma环管状薄壁组织vasicentric parenchyma翼状薄壁组织aliform parenchyma聚翼状薄壁组织confluent parenchyma无孔材nonporous wood有孔材porous wood环孔材ring porous wood散孔材diffuse porous wood半散孔材semi-diffuse porous wood半环孔材semi-ring porous wood胞间道intercellular canal(or duct)树脂道resin canal正常树脂道normal resin canal创伤树脂道traumatic canal髓斑pith fleck结构texture细结构fine texture粗结构coarse texture均匀结构even texture不均匀结构uneven texture纹理grain直纹理straight grain螺旋纹理spiral grain材色color光泽luster气味odor健全材sound wood滋味taste重量weight最轻木the lightest wood最重木the heaviest wood硬度hardness软soft中硬medium hard甚硬very hard径切板quartersawn lumber弦切板flatsawn lumber木材细胞woody cell; wood element轴向组织longitudinal(axial)tissue径向组织horizontal(ray)tissue垂周分裂anticlinal division平周分裂periclinal division纺锤形原始细胞fusiform initial形成层射线原始细胞cambial ray initial细胞壁cell wall多糖成分polysaccharide fraction纤维素cellulose半纤维素hemicellulose木素lignin初生壁primary cell wall次生壁secondary cell wall胞间层true middle lamella复胞间层compound lamella瘤状沉积warty deposit瘤状结构wart structure木质化lignification纤维丝microfibril纤维丝角microfibrillar angle结晶区crystalline(crystallite)area非结晶区amorphous area (region)基本纤维elementary fibril纤丝fibril细胞壁化学成分chemical constituents in the cell wall 纹孔式pitting单纹孔single pit具缘纹孔bordered pit纹孔对pit pair半具缘纹孔对half-bordered pit pair具缘纹孔对bordered pit pair单纹孔对simple pit pair互补纹孔complementary pit胞间隙intercellular space纹孔膜pit membrane纹孔腔pit cavity纹孔室pit chamber纹孔缘pit border纹孔环pit annulus纹孔塞torus塞缘margo纹孔道pit canal纹孔外口outer aperture纹孔内口inner aperture内含纹孔口include aperture外延纹孔口extended aperture细胞壁加厚thickening of the cell wall纹孔加厚spiral thickening附物纹孔vestured pitting隔膜Septa (septum的复数)木素碳水化合物Lignin-carbohydratic complex 木材解剖(学) wood anatomy管胞tracheid轴向管胞longitudinal tracheid径列条trabecula(trabecubae)澳柏型加厚callitrisoid thickening眉条crassulae轴向索状管胞longitudinal strand tracheid交叉场cross field窗格状纹孔对window-like pit pair松型纹孔对pinoid pit pair云杉型纹孔对piceoid pit pair杉木型纹孔对taxidioid pit pair柏木型纹孔对cupressiod pit pair射线管胞ray tracheid硬松hard pine软松soft pine齿状突起dentate单列射线uniseriate ray纺锤型射线fusiform ray结晶细胞crystal-bearing cell上皮细胞epithelial cell导管分子vessel element(member segment) 管孔pore穿孔perforation单管孔solitary pore复管孔multiple pore管孔链pore chain管孔团pore cluster单穿孔simple perforation梯状穿孔scalariform perforation互列纹孔式alternate pitting对列纹孔式opposite pitting梯纹孔式scalariform pitting侵填体tylosis(pl.tyloses)树胶gum阔叶树材管胞hardwood tracheid维管管胞vascular tracheid环管管胞vasicentric tracheid纤维fiber纤维状管胞fiber tracheid韧型纤维libriform fiber胶质木纤维gelatinous fiber横卧射线细胞procumbent ray cell直立射线细胞upright ray cell同形射线homogeneous(homocellular) ray 异形射线(heterogeneous)heterocellular ray 聚合木射线aggregate ray油细胞oil cell正常树胶道normal gum canal创伤树胶道traumatic gum canal主要成分primary components综纤维holocellulose非纤维素多糖noncellulosic polysaccharides 次要成分secondary components单宁（鞣质）tannins胶乳latex染料dye着色物质coloring material灰分ash纤维素分子链cellulose chain吡喃葡萄糖glucopyranose纤维二糖cellobilose大分子macromolecule聚合度degree of polymerization戊聚糖pentosan木聚糖xylan4-甲基葡萄糖醛酸4-methylglucuronic acid半乳糖galactose阿拉伯糖arabinose葡萄糖glucose甘露糖mannose半乳葡甘露聚糖galactoglucomannan苯丙烷phenylpropane紫丁香基丙烷单元syringyl unit愈疮木基丙烷单元guaiacyl unit对羟苯基丙烷p-hydroxyphenyl propane unit抽提物extractive聚酚polyphenol香油树脂、含油树脂oleoresin木材松节油wood turpentin松香rosin密度density比重specific gravity孔隙率porosity晚材率summerwood percentage水银测容器apparatus for determination of density by immersion in mercury排水测容法determining volume by weighing before and after immersing the wood sample 基本密度basic density生材密度green density; density of green wood绝干密度oven-dry density绝干重oven-dry weight绝干状态oven-dried condition气干密度air-dried density气干材air-dried wood气干状态air-dried condition木材实质密度density of dry wood substance; cell wall density木材含水率moisture content of wood (or M.C)炉干法oven-drying method蒸馏法distillation method含水率测定仪electrical moisture meter吸着水bound water自由水free water平衡含水率equilibrium moisture content(or E.M.C.)吸湿adsorption解吸desorption吸湿滞后sorption hysteresis纤维饱和点fiber saturation point(or F.S.P.)木材最大含水率maximum moisture content of wood收缩shrinkage膨胀swelling最大体积收缩和膨胀maximum volumetric shrinkage and swelling 径向收缩radial shrinkage弦向收缩tangential shrinkage干缩差异ratio of tangential shrinkage to radial shrinkage纵向收缩longitudinal shrinkage干缩系数coefficient of shrinkage热膨胀系数coefficient of thermal expansion木材的比热specific heat of wood木材的热传导thermal conductivity of wood热导率thermal conductivity木材的导温diffusivity of wood木材的直流电性质direct-current properties of wood电阻electrical resistance电传导electrical conductivity电导率conductivity木材的交流电性质alternating-current properties of wood介电常数dielectric constant功率因素power factor极性分子polar molecule木材的压电性质piezoelectric properties of wood电阻型木材含水率测定仪resistance-type moisture meter电容及射频capacity and radio-frequency含水率测定仪power-loss type moisture meter木材的声学性质acoustical properties of wood木材中的声传播sound transmission in wood木材的声速sound velocity in wood木材的声波阻抗sound wave resistance in wood声辐射阻尼damping of sound radiation内摩擦internal friction空间声学acoustics of space声能sound energy隔音sound transmission loss; separating noise source吸声absorbing sound within a space声反射reflection of sound声压sound pressure木材调湿humidity conditioned by wood色度测定quantitative color measurement木材色度color characterization of wood木材表面性质surface properties of wood木材的触觉特性touchable characteristics of wood木材的视觉特性visible characteristics of wood木材流变学rheology of wood流变模型rheological model弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity塑性plasticity蠕变creep蠕变恢复creep recovery疲劳fatigue刚性模量modulus of rigidity变形deformation应变stain应力stress应力--应变曲线stress-strain curve载荷loading卸载unloading弹性变形elastic deformation各向异性anisotropy正交对称性rhombic symmetry弹性常数systems of elastic constant弹性常数elastic constant对称轴axis of symmetry分应力stress component分应变strain component柔度compliance木材弹性异向性the anisotropic elasticity of wood泊松比poisson's ratio体积模量bulk modulus理想弹性变形ideal elastic deformation粘滞流动变形viscous flow deformation弹性单元elastic element粘性单元viscous element流变曲线flow curve拉伸tension压缩compression弯曲bending木材抗弯强度bending strength of wood木材静曲弹性模量the modulus of elasticity in static bending of w木材顺纹抗剪强度shearing strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗拉强度tensile strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗压强度compressive strength parallel to grain of wood木材横纹压力compression perpendicular to grain of wood木材横纹抗压弹性模量modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to grain of wood 木材冲击韧性toughness of wood木材硬度hardness of wood木材抗劈强度cleavage strength of wood静力实验测定determination by static test动态实验测定determination by dynamic test无损检测nondestructive testing defects of wood 原木缺陷defects in log锯材缺陷saw timber defects knot节子knot活节live knot死节dead knot健全节sound knot腐朽节decay knot ;rotten knot漏节seriously decayed knot圆形节round knot椭圆行节oval knot条状节splay knot掌状节palmate knot隐生节enclosed knot材边节edge knot材面节face knot材棱节arris knot变色stain; discoloration化学变色chemical stain真菌变色fungus stain霉菌变色discoloration by mould变色菌变色discoloration caused by stain fungi 腐朽节变色discoloration caused by decay fungi 边材变色sap stain青变blue stain心材变色heart stain腐朽decay; rot白腐white rot褐腐brown rot; brown decay软腐soft rot; soft decay根腐butt rot干腐trunk rot初期腐朽incipient decay中腐intermediate decay后期腐朽（重腐）final decay; destruction stage 虫眼insect hole表面虫眼和虫沟surface insect-hole and gallery 深虫眼deep insect hole针孔虫眼pin hole小虫眼small insect hole大虫眼large insect hole蜂窝状孔洞honeycomb hole裂纹shake; check径裂heart shake轮裂ring shake环裂round shake弧裂cup shake冻裂frost crack干裂seasoning check; drying shake炸裂popping劈裂felling shake端裂end shake; end check贯通裂through shake材身纵裂side shake树干形状缺陷defects of trunk shape弯曲curvature单向弯曲simple curvature尖削tapering大root swelling树瘤cancer木材构造缺陷defects of wood structure扭转纹spiral斜纹cross grain应力木reaction wood应压木compression wood应拉木tension wood双心double pith脆心brittle heart树脂囊resin pocket; pith pocket乱纹（交错纹）interlocked grain; cross grain 伤疤damage机械损伤mechanical damage锯口偏斜deviation of saw kerf采脂伤blaze抽心extraction烧伤char夹皮inbark; bark pocket内夹皮closed inbark外夹皮opened bark偏枯scar树包knob树脂漏resinous wood脆性brashness树木生长应力growth stresses in tree湿材wet wood微细压缩裂隙minute compression failure木材加工缺陷defects of process缺棱wanting arris毛刺糙面rough saw cut瓦棱状锯疤deep saw mark变形change in shape翘曲distortion; warp顺弯bow; camber横弯edge bend; crook翘弯cupping扭曲twisting; winding方材断面菱形变形diamonding木材分等timber grading主要品质因子primary quality indexes生长速度growth rate慢生长slow growth快生长fast growth不同树种different species同种不同树株different individual of the same species 树株内在不同部位different places in a tree均匀性uniformity心材比例proportion of heartwood纤维长度fiber length应力木的存在occurrence of reaction wood幼龄材juvenile wood成熟材mature wood幼龄材的比例proportion of juvenile wood纹理方向grain orientation木材化学组成chemical composition of wood细胞组成cellular composition化学改良improving properties by chemical改性木材modified woods化学剂保持量retention渗透度penetration预处理pre-treatment刻痕incising木材防腐处理preservation process of wood常压法non-pressure process涂刷法brushing喷射法spraying短浸法dipping浸泡法steeping冷浴法cold soaking冷热槽法hot and cold bath扩散法diffusion method加压法pressure process满细胞法full-cell process空细胞法empty-cell process半空细胞法half empty-cell process双真空法double vacuum process木材防腐法wood preservatives杂酚油creosote五氯苯酚pentachlorophenol阻燃处理fire retardant treatment(or P.C.P.)木材可燃性combustibility of wood着火延滞retardation of ignition阻燃剂fire retardants熔融剂melt-forming chemicals泡沫剂foam-forming chemicals灭火气体发生剂slake gas-developing chemicals木材焦化剂wood-charring chemicals水溶性盐类water soluble salts木材尺寸稳定dimensional stabilization of wood抗收缩系数anti-shrink efficient (ASE)羟基hydroxyl group涂覆法coating-method润胀法bulking method聚乙二醇polyethylene glycol(PEG)常压热固化浸脂材impreg高压热固化浸脂材（浸脂压缩木）compreg木材依酰化acetylation of wood乙酰化木材acetylated wood乙酰基acetyl group甲醛处理formaldehyde treatment缩醛交联acetal cross-linkage木材热改性thermal modification of wood热固木staybwood ;heat-treated wood压缩热固木staypak竹类植物bamboo plants竹材bamboo; bamboo wood竹制品bamboo ware高生长height growth竹笋bamboo shoot竹杆culm节间生长internodal elongation居间分生组织intercalary meristem顶端分生组织区域apical meristematic zone of a bamboo shoot 原套原体tunica-corpus（叶）原基sheath(leaf) primordia原形成层（原维管束）procambia(provascular bundle)筛管sieve tube维管束vascular bundle竹皮系统rind system of bamboo下皮hypodermis竹基本系统basic system of bamboo 基本组织ground tissue髓环pith-ring纤维帽fiber cap。