每个方面

Segment: section/division/part/piece部分、片 Manipulate: control/employ控制、使用
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Designate: define/denote/label/ name 标记、命名 Access to): approach 途径
1.1 Historical perspective (观察，透视)
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Materials are probably more deep-seated (根 深蒂固的, 深层的) in our culture than most of us realize.
Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娱乐）, and food production—virtually（事实上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度 地） by materials.

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Steel age
Advanced materials age
iron age Stone age
bronze age
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Chapter1 Introduction



Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4 1.4 Classification of Materials 5 1.5 Advanced Materials 6 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 6
the present time 同时代的

Nebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱两可的
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Related to: be concerned with 相关的 Encompass：to completely cover or surround sth.覆盖或 环绕 Realm：territroy/monarchy/ zone/domain/region /kingdom/area/branch 区域

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?
Words and phrases

Deep-seated: close/intimate 紧密的 Virtually: practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in
effect/in essence实际上地

Every segment of our everyday lives:日常生活的
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出现）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. These include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

Evoke 引起，唤起 Interdisciplinary 交叉学科 Metallurgy 冶金 Nebulous 模糊的，云雾状的 Agglomerate 团聚，大块 Dielectric current 介电常数 Thermal conductivity 热传导
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
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Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（密切地） tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate （使用）materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated （命名） by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).

Pottery: pots/dishes or other items made from clay
and fired in a kiln (oven) 陶器

Alter: change 改变
Utilization: application /use 应用、 用途 Empower: control 驾驭、控制

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘土）, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery （陶 器） and various metals.

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能够） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Elaboration 解释，阐述 Stepwise楼梯式的, 逐步的 Recreation 消遣, 娱乐 segment段, 节, 片断 Deteriorative 恶化，变质，

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
汉语翻译成英文
材料科学 材料工程 金属材料 非金属材料 陶瓷材料 高分子材料 复合材料 生物材料 半导体材料 先进材料

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Heat capacity 热容 Refraction 折射，衍射 Ductility 延展性 Overriding 最重要的 Prohibitive 抑制 Judicious 明智的 criterion 准则

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering


Agglomerate：melt 团聚、成块-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Vocabulary
Contemporary 当代 Stimulus 激励，刺激 Opaque 不透明 Translucent 半透明 Transparent 透明 Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的 Existence 存在, 实在, 生活, 存在物, 实在物 Sophisticated 复杂的 Forerunner 先驱(者), 传令官, 预兆 Intimately 密切地