国际贸易实务(英文版)InternationalTradePracticeChapterone1Whydonationsconducttradewithoneanother?答:Anationconductsinternationaltradebecause:ithastheproductsandresourcesthatexceeditsdomesticdemand;itwantstogetmoreeconomicbenefitsinalargerinternationalmarketth anwhatcanbegainedindomesticmarket;itwantstowinpoliticalsupport;oritneedstosatisfydifferenttastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatternsamongitspeople.2Howmanyformsareadoptedintheprocessofnegotiation?Businessnegotiationscanbeconductedintwoforms:inwords,i.e.face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone,andinwriting,i.e.businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails,telexes,etc.Whateverischosenforthenegotiationofacontract,fourmainstepsaregenerallyfollowedbeforeacontractisconcluded:enquiry,offer,counter-offerandacceptance.ChaptertwoIIIExplainthefollowingterms1shipmentcontract答:ShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatth edeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.2symbolicdelivery Symbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdelive rsthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryi sprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer .3arrivalcontract ArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthat thedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.4actualdelivery Actualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerde liversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.IV.Shortquestions1Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks 答:Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcont racttermsseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegood sdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsse llerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination .2WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF答:Majorsimilarities:a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarri age.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringth etransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer’srisk .Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhil eCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwill betransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarr iernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhe nthegoodspassovertheship’srail.3Whoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsund eranFOBcontract答:Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,a lltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsf ormalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.4IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimpor ting答:Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment”,ifHambur gistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader’sperspective,heisim porting.V.CaseStudies1.(变形)AnFOBcontractstipulated,"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008.Iftheves selfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,theselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay."itturnedoutthatun dertheseller'srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedatthe portofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.(1)Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationforthewarehouserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay(2)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay(3)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation析:a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
也即是说,装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。
b文中提到的“additional27days”,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。
(1)答案:Yes。
答题切入点:aFOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定;b合同本身的条款规定。
(2)答案:No。
答题切入点:合同本身的条款规定。
(3)这题与第一题相比,不同的一点在于“withabetterprice”。
解答时应对这一点进行分析:在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下,他是否还应获得相关赔偿?答案:Yes。
答题切入点:合同本身的条款规定。
4. (日期变形)AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.The$1 millioncontractstipulated,"Thesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofde stinationbyDecember1,2008.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,an dgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanica lproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacce ptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlost$700,000.(1)Wasthe"arrivaldate"clauseconsistentwithCIFtermunderIncoterms2000(2)Whattradetermisproperfortheobligationconcerningarrivaltime析:卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间,因此买方拒收货物。
从表面上看,似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上,但如果仔细分析就会发现,该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。