2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、ⅠReadingComprehension二、Passage1Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n.(1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______." A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage" B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse" C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage" D.notsomuchwithlanguageA.√B.C.D.解析：细节推理题。
Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。
选项A与文中的意思最接近。
故答案为A。
(2).Therealdifferencebetweentheabilitytowalkandtheabilitytotalkisthat______." A.theformerislikebreathingwhilethelatterisnot" B.theformerdoesnotrequiresocialinteractionwhilethelatterdoes" C.theformerrequiresmuscularmovementwhilethelatterdoesnot" D.notsomuchwithlanguageA.B.√C.D.解析：事实细节题。
文章第二段"Eliminatesocietyandthereiseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,...Butitisjustas certainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionals ystemofaparticularsociety."中指出：即使与社会隔绝，也完全有理由相信他会学会走路，如果他真的能活下来的话。
但是，同样可以肯定的是，他永远也不会学会说话，也就是说，根据一个特定社会的传统体系来交流思想。
由此可知，行走能力和语言能力的真正区别在于行走能力不需要社会交往，但语言需要。
选项B与文章信息一致。
故答案为B。
(3).WhichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?" nguageisbiologicallyprogrammedbuthastobeacquiredlateron." B.Onlywhenachildgrowsupinacommunitycanhelearntotalk." nguageinteractionisawaytoimpartculture." D.Formaleducationisnecessaryforthelearningoflanguage.A.B.C.D.√解析：信息判断题。
第二段第二句提及：个人注定要说话，但这完全是因为他出生在一个确定的社会圈内，这个圈子使他浸淫在传统文化中。
选项A提及语言是生物程序，但需后天获取，符合文意，排除；选项B与第二段第三句信息一致，排除；选项C中信息与文中"Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfromsocialgrouptosocia lgroup"信息一致，排除；选项D说语言学习需要正规教育，文中并未提及，故答案为D。
(4).Whentheauthorsaysthevariabilityofwalking"ispurposeless",hemeansthat______." A.anypersonwhowalkswouldnothaveapurpose" B.inallculturespeoplewalkaimlessly" C.culturedoesaffectthewayspeoplewalk" D.purposeinwalkingvarieswithone'sabilityA.B.√C.D.解析：信息推断题。
文章第二段提及：将新生个体从他所处的社会环境中移走，将他移植到一个完全陌生的环境中。
他将在新环境中发展走路的艺术，就像他在旧环境中发展它一样。
但他的语言将与他原先所处的环境完全不同。
因此，行走是人类的一种普遍活动，它只在我们从一个人到另一个人的有限范围内变化。