Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
The third president of the United States (18011808) Founder of the University of Virginia (1819) Believing in the education of the common man as the most effective means of preserving the democratic ideal, and advocating for free public education
one of the first AfricanAmericans to attend college
Founder of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama—a a technical and vocational school for blacks. The first African-American to receive a Ph.D., founding NAACP believing blacks should educate themselves to assume positions of leadership.
2.2.2 individual freedom and selfreliance
More emphasis on developing criticalthinking skills than on acquiring quantities of facts Teaching children how to learn and help them reach their maximum potential
2.2 American values in education
2.2.1 equality of opportunity

Everyone deserves an equal opportunity to get a good education. Basic system of public schools, 1825—making schools open to all classes, and financing the schools with tax money.
2012
2.2.5 practical content
With a strong practical content—vocational skills and the duties of citizenship
Benjamin Franklin (17061790) Founder of the Philadelphia Academy emphasizing the more practical subjects such as modern languages, agriculture, accounting, etc.
Chapter 9 Education in the US
Education is a social process ... Education is growth.... Education is, not a preparation for life; education is life itself. -John Dewey
content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The education ladder American values and education Racial equality and education Inequalities in U.S. education Multicultural education
4.3 Rising cost of an education—giving wealthy students more choices
$15,000-$39,000 a year for a public or private university $2,000 a year for community college programs, for associate degrees
4. Inequalities in U.S. Education
4.1 presence of elite private schools serving mainly upper-class children Giving extra educational and social advantage to children from rich families 4.2 ways of school funding Funded largely at the local level, from property tax Wealthy districts have more tax money to spend on education
3.3 Affirmative action and its discontent
Making up for past discrimination Special treatment vs. equality opportunity Reverse discrimination

The standard movement and its criticism Memorization of facts for annual testing: challenge
2.2.3 cLeabharlann mpetition Competitive sports as the most important of all extracurricular activities For the young to learn how to compete successfully— “winning spirit” Sometimes, more importance attached to sports program than to academic offerings
3. Racial equality and education
3.1 Segregation in education Separate schools 1896 Supreme Court case— “separate but equal”
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) and W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
5. Multicultural education
Changes in what is taught in American schools From Anglo-European perspective to more varied cultural information and perspectives Concerns and fear—fragmentation of American society?
2.2.4 monetary value of education
American definition of success—a high material standard of living The more schooling people have, the more money they will earn.
3.2 desegregation and integration
1954 Supreme Court case—separate schools are not equal. Civil Rights Acts Busing of school children—limited success
2. American values and education
2.1 colonial and religious heritage Education in colonial America was patterned on the English model—a two-track system The Puritans, a strict fundamentalist Protestant sect who immigrated to the New World for religious freedom beginning in 1609, believed that education was necessary in order to read the Bible to obtain salvation. Harvard University (1636) vs. Yale University (1701)
1. The education ladder
Free and open to all at the elementary and secondary level
Over 50% having taking college courses. About 3,000 colleges and universities, with over 15 million college students.