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英美文化概论3 which English
由于古罗马不断扩大其帝国,他们 的拉丁语(Lain),成为欧洲西部 多数地区,包括大不列颠在内的不 同民族的通用语言
多数凯尔特人逃避罗马人和随 后的侵入者,移民至英国威尔 士(Wales)山区,苏格兰 (Scotland)的高原和岛屿,爱 尔兰(Ireland),马恩岛(the Isle of Man(马恩岛)),康 沃尔郡(Cornwall)。由于这些 地方偏僻,这些部落延续了他 们的语言。今天的威尔士人, 苏格兰的盖尔语(Scottish Gaeli),和爱尔兰的盖尔语 (Scottish Gaeli)都留存了下 来。
例如,从居住在该地区的一些特 殊部落,可以得知:英国南部的 肯特州(Kent)来自坎特西部落 (Cantiaci tribe);
Devon(德文郡:英国郡名) from the Dumnonill and Cornwall (康沃 尔郡)from the Cornovii.
英国德文郡(Devon)来自杜蒙 里(Dumnonill)部落;而康沃尔 (Cornwall)郡则由科落伟里 (Cornovii)部落演变而来。
In the past, changes (in vocabulary, structures and syntax) happened so slowly that they were frequently unnoticeable to those speaking the language. But the introduction (of widespread education , radio and television ) , and the greater mobility(易变性、可动性) (of the population), have speeded up the process.
凯尔特人时代,大不列颠被分 成不同的首领部落,每个部落 讲一种自己的凯尔特语言。
但是,古代人没有书写语言, 后来能并入英语的很少。
然而,凯尔特人的遗产还是在 地名中保留下来
Some,for instance, derive from (来源于) the particular tribe live in the area: Kent(英国东南部州名) from the Cantiaci tribe,
Many Celts fled(逃避、逃跑、 逃离) from the Romans and subsequent invaders and settled in the mountains of Wales, the Highlands and islands of Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of Man(马恩岛) and Cornwall. Because These areas were so remote, the tribes managed to preserve their languages, which survive today as Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.
Other are based on Celtic words for specific natural features: several names of rivers, like Avon(英国中 部一河), Esk, Stour and Usk, come from Celtic words for water;
Also some town names, like London , Dover, York, Leeds, Penrith , Carlisle and Catterick, are Cletic in origin.
还有一些城市的名称,像伦敦、英国东 部的港口城市多韦尔(Dover)、纽约、 利慈(Leeds:英国城市)、彭瑞斯 (Penrith)、卡莱尔(Carlisle:英国西 北部城市)、卡特利奇(Catterick)都 源至凯尔特人(Cletic)时代。
and tor(岩 石) meaning a high rock or peak, persists in (留存于)Torquay, Torpoint and Torcross.
另外,表达高大巨石和山顶 的岩石(tor),也留存于拖 基(Torquay:英格兰南部 之一城市)、拖波因特 (Torpoint)和托科洛斯 (Torcross)地名中。
所有的语言都能够,而且必须 成为使用者用来为他们的需要 服务的工具。 例如,当今发生这么多的政治、 社会和技术变革,那么语言也 必须适应,找到其新的词语和 表述。
这种适应性在英语漫长的整个 历史中非常明显。英语可追溯 至大不列颠凯特尔语言
In the time of the Celts ,Britain was divided into various tribal (部落)Kingdoms, each one speaking its own kind of Celtic.
尤其是年轻人,使用的习 语、俚语和美国特有的风 俗及习惯性语言 这些语言要么逐渐吸收入 “高雅”英语,要么象其 他时髦东西一样被淘汰。
All language is a tool (which can and must be manipulated (利用) to serve the needs of those who use it) . In modern times ,for example, so many political, social and technological changes have taken place that language too has had to adapt(适应;) and find new words and expressions. This adaptability(适应性) has been apparent(明显的) throughout the long history of the English language (whose roots go back to Celtic Britain ).
As the Romans extended their empire(帝国), their language , Lain, became the lingua franca (不同民族的通用语) of most of western Europe including Britain. Then, from about the third century, the spread of Latin was strengthened by the introduction of Christianity(基督教) as all prayers(祈祷者) and liturgy(祈 祷文) were in that language . The English alphabet as such , adapted (改编)from Roman scripts(书写字母) , appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700.
其他的地名,也以凯特尔人语言 为基础表现其特有的自然特征: 几条河流的名称,例如英国中部 的河流埃温(Avon)、埃斯卡 ( Esk)、斯托尔(Stour)和尤 斯卡(Usk),都来自凯尔特人 对水的多个单词;
cumb(头梳、鸡冠),
凯尔特人视为深山峡谷的头 Celtic for a deep valley 梳、鸡冠(cumb)单词,在 (峡谷), is found in 现代地名,如索尔库姆 modern place names like (Salcombe)、亚底斯库姆 Salcombe, Addiscombe (Addiscombe)和韦克斯库 and Wexcombe ; 姆(Wexcombe)可以发现。
Manx, another form of Gaelic , was spoken on the Isle of Man until about 1950.
盖尔语的另一种形式曼岛语 (Manx),直到1950年还在曼 岛(the Isle of Man)使用。
The Cornish Celtic language was spoken up to about 200 years ago
自从公元前55年罗马侵入英国后, 他们的的语言fortress ,castra ,增 加了现在的许多富有凯尔特语言的 地名:例如,包括当今的温切斯特 (Winchester:英格兰南部城市)、 曼切斯特(Manchester)、累斯特 城(Leicester)、洛切斯特 (Rochester)、格洛斯特 (Gloucester)。
3 which English
Anyone ( who has lived a reasonably(适当长 的)time ) will know + that his children and their contemporaries(同时代的、同龄人) are not using the same words, grammar and pronunciation (that he learned as a child), because each generation has a different attitude to its language 大凡有一定年龄的人都会知道他的孩子和同龄 人对小时侯所学的发音、语法、文字使用存在 差别。因为每一代人对语言有其不同的态度。
and a branch of the same language called Breton, is still used across the Channel in Brittany, a region of north— west France.