Unit 1Part ASummery workPart BInterpretation1. b ) Teachers2.● Opposed Learning strategies (just before paragraph13)●Contrasting Learning styles(just before paragraph 8 )●Effective Language Learning Behaviors (just before paragraph 2 )3.Paragraph 7 and 13Developing your skillsPart APart BPart CPart Davoidant dependent participant competitive collaborative independentExtending your vocabularyPart APart BUnit 2Words to note45132Understanding the text1.c) d)2.d)3.a)4.d)5.receiving full details of imported production processes ,which they use to copy and sell the products of these processes.6.buy the expensive software sold by western companies and because software countries apply international copyright laws with unfair harshness in Asia.Developing your skillsPart AText 1Text 2Part BExtending your vocabulary Part APart BUnit 3Words to note45312Understanding the text Part AFTFTTPart B1. b)2. d)3.a)4.b)Developing your skillPart Ac bde aPart BInsert the paragraph between the present paragraphs 1 and 2 Part CParagraph 3 and paragraph 4 need to be reserved.Extending your vocabularyPart Adownload programme interface email ICQ virus games ExcelPart Ba)of b) dance c) spherical d) walk e)holdExpending your creativityUnit 4Words to note58 1 6 10 4 2 7 9 11 3Understanding the textPart A1.d)2. c)Part B1. c)2.d)3.c)4. d) 5 .a)Developing your skillsPart A311212Part BA2. but people who take dietary supplements (especially those which destroy free radical molecules )may feel more energetic .A3. extending the human life span might well lend to serious effects .A4. fighting cancer, because proteins which destroy cancer cells also cause aging.A5 .healthy food, low stress and an outdoor life style are best for long lifePart C1.Your feelings about yourself are very important ;ninety-year-old people can feel and act like fifty year olds if they have the right attitude to life .Somebody might say this to cheer another person up to encourage the person to feel better about himself or herself.The speaker probably has an optimistic (and young) feeling about life.2.Forty isn’t “old”,it’s simply a “birth”into a new stage of life.It might be said to some one approaching his or her forties birthday.He or she doesn’t fear to be forty, doesn’t think forty is old, and thinks of “middle age”as being the beginning of an interesting stage of life when he or she can do new things.3.Years aren’t important ; preserving youthful idealism is more importantIn a debate about the problem of aging, for example.Youthful ideals should be kept throughout the whole life; if you keep these ideals, you can stay long in your attitude.4.Young people anticipate the future with the pleasure; older people reminisce about their youth.Perhaps in a situation when someone is reflecting seriously about life.It’s a philosophical, analytical comment about attitudes.5.Age is not important; your attitude towards your age and life in general is crucial.In a situation to encourage somebody to be more optimistic towards life.The speaker is almost certainly optimistic; the suggestion is that there are many ways to be old and some of them are good.6.Be virtuous when you are young if you want respect later in life.Perhaps in a context where an older person wants to give friendly advice to a youngster when a younger person is wondering about the course of action.The speaker sees a direct link between actions in youth and the consequences in later life.7.Youngsters only have opinions; their elders know the truth through experience.Perhaps in a social setting where people from different generations are teasing each otherThe speaker almost certainly belongs to the older generation and is confident of his or her own superior knowledge.8.The only alternative is to die ---- because you can not become young again.As a joke or a humorous comment, perhaps after someone has said something negative about being old.He or she certainly views aging in a positive light.9.An old person who is loved has an extra bonus because love brightens their life; old age is like the winter of a person’s life, but winter also has its beautiful or bright aspects, like flowers.Perhaps it would be said to an older person, to remind him or her of life’s blessing.It’s a comment reflecting both joy and sadness; it recognizes that some old people enjoy the love of family, friends, neighbors, etc. But some are alone and lonely10.Young people see forty as “old”, but older people see fifty as “young”.This is perhaps more likely to be written rather than spoken------perhaps in an essay. The author seems to have some optimism about being fifty.It is a reference to different perspectives, different attitudes of various ages to “age”.11.People may think that being old is a misery, but having the years of experience old people help you to live your life in a better way. An alternative interpretation is that it is not simply the old age which makes old people feel miserable. It is the accumulation of their experiences which make them miserable. The second interpretation of a rather wry joke.Perhaps either as a joke or as a serious (but pessimistic) comment of life, almost certainly made by an older person.It could reflect a humorous, philosophical, non-serious view; or the opposite, a mournful cry.12.Experience (“living long”) teaches us how to live well.Again, perhaps it is more likely to be written than spoken.Experience over many years is seen as blessings and benefits.13.Enjoy your youth and make the most of the opportunities which come your way; then, when you are older, you don’t have any regrets that you wasted it.An older person -----perhaps a parent ----to a younger people; the comment shows wry humor by suggesting that the main preoccupation older people in that they lament their lost youth.He /She sees youth as priceless and not to be wasted.14.The general, meaning is that people change as they grow older .the specific meaning of each stage depends on how people understand the metaphors of the animals (and this varies in different cultures). A likely Spanish interpretation is : at twenty people are concerned with their appearance ,at thirty they are brave , at forty they carry heavy burdens ,at fifty they twist and turn and can’t be trusted , at sixty they are loyal ,at seventy they are wise ,at eighty they are nothing .As it’s rather long, it is more likely to be part of a written paper . Now it could be said by anybody au any stage but probably originally it was written by an older person.Perhaps it reflects a cynical attitude to the way peopledevelop .perhaps students might here be asked to explain what each of the different creatures at the various stages of life represents in Chinese or other culture.15.The tide “ebbs” (i.e. its strength and power is lessened) and human beings get older and become less strong. The tide returns as strong as ever and other people are young and their tide is rising.Spoken or read in a poem.Perhaps said by someone who, though he /she feels sad, can rationalize and see that there is no reason to be sad.Expanding your vocabulary1breakthrough noun2dramatically adverb3dietary supplements noun4extended verb5passively adverb6contracting noun(gerund)7eternal adjective8boosting noun(gerund)9normally adverb10controversial adjectiveFurther informationThe child is the father of the manChildren grow up to become adults and what happens in childhood is vitally important because adults develop on the basis of their childhood. Just as a child inherits genetics from their parents, the stage of early childhood for an individual is the social “inheritance” of each adult -----this is the basis for the development of the rest of their life (when the child becomes “the man”). Parents have children who grow up; however, children also grow up to become parents, who have children in their turn who also become parents …Bad is never good until worse happens.When something bad happens it is difficult to see anything good about it .But when something even worse happens, what we thought was bad before doesn’t look so bad after all .Of course, what is “worse”may also seem not so bad when something worse still happens! Our perceptions of what are bad or good events are relative to their events.Everything changes except change itself.Change is in everything .Only the law that everything changes does not change. On the other hand, if everything changes this should include change itself (the nature of particular changes should change or even the very nature of change itself.) If change changes then this must include no change which would be a change from changing .If change does not change, then there is something to which the law of change does not apply ----which means that not everything changes.All rules have exceptions, including this one.A rule is general statement .It may include everything in its scope or it may have its exceptions .The problem here is that if the rule is that “all rules have exceptions ” ,then there are exceptions to the rule that “all rules have exceptions ”: does this mean that the rule isn’t a rule or that the exception isn’t an exception or that the exception to the rule that “all rules have exceptions” means that there are no exceptions ,including the exceptions to the rule that “all rules have exceptions ”…?A sadist is a person who is kind to a masochist.A sadist is someone who gets pleasure from hurting or being cruel to someone else. A masochist is someone who gets pleasure from being hurt. We expect the sadist to be nasty to others, including being nasty to the masochist. But the sadist knows that the masochist wants to be hurt, so being kind to the masochist (who expects to be hurt by the sadist) is a way for the sadist to get pleasure. The problem now is that the sadist is getting pleasure by not hurting someone (which means that the sadist isn’t being a sadist .)A second problem is that the masochist may be getting pleasure by anticipating being hurt (which he enjoys and looks forward to )and may therefore be getting pleasure from the kindness of the sadist (who as the masochist knows ,wants to hurt the masochist )because he anticipates being hurt by not being hurt yet (which means that the masochist isn’t being a masochist ).Nothing is enough for the person to whom enough is too little .Some people are greedy .They want more than others .they want more than the amount which would satisfy others (and be enough for them ). So for the greedy person “enough” (for others) is always too little (for the greedy one ). So there is never “enough ”and “nothing is enough ”for the greedy person; this means there is no “enough ”.But the problem is that it may also mean that if greedy person has “nothing”. It is “enough” (because “nothing is enough”), in which case the person is not greedy and is, in fact, satisfied with nothing (since he has “nothing” which is “enough”).If the rich could hire other people to die for them, the poor could make a wonderful living.Everybody die at some time .Rich people may wish to keep on living because they have lots of money to enjoy their life .So if the rich people could pay poor people to die for them ,then the rich people could keep on living for longer and keep on enjoying their life. The poor would make a living (i.e., earn money to live )by dying instead of the rich .Of course ,paying one poor person to die instead of therich person who is dying would not be enough because death is always waiting (for everybody, rich or poor),so the rich would have to keep on paying more and more poor people to die for them -----otherwise they can only postpone death for a short time .So now ,many poor people die(paid for by the rich )but the others who are still living get rich (keeping the money which their dead poor relatives received from the rich ). But these new rich people (who were poor before) will die ----unless they pay poor people to die for them. If they do so, the poor relatives of those poor ones who die for the new rich will themselves eventually become rich and will need to pay other poor people to die for them if they wish to keep on living.Unit 5Understanding the text1.d)2.ExerciseDietSelf-disciplineSleep3. a 8b 2c 7d 4e 9Developing your skillPart Ait(pronoun)this(pronoun)they(pronoun)such pensionable oldies(wordsubjection)Part B2. couple (ws: a man and a woman)3. It (pr: the unclear family)4. contrast (c: the nuclear family)5. he or she (pr: someone) Extending your vocabularyExpanding your creativitySolving a logical problemEinthovenClues and sample sentences of deductionAspirin was developed in 1899.This must have been one of the later inventions because I think the other developments are older.Italians developed two items, one as long ago as 700 B.C.This must have been one of the earliest developments because it was a long time ago.Herman dresser was German but Willem Einthoven was Dutch.They can’t have developed anything ancient because Germany and Holland didn’t exist as countries back then.The EEC was developed four years after a German developed aspirin.----The EEC was obviously developed in 1933 because aspirin was developed in 1899 and it was 4 years after that.----Herman dresser probably developed aspirin because he was German and it was developed in Germany which would also mean he did this in 1899.Ambroise pare was a French surgeon who worked with injured soldiers in the 16th century.Pare must have developed the artificial limbs because he worked with injured soldiers 500 years ago.We don’t know the names of whoever developed the three oldest items.The three top left boxes must be empty because the names of the developers are unknown.Artificial limbs we developed three centuries after glasses, which in turn were developed three centuries after vaccinations, but we don’t know the exact dates.Glasses must have developed in the 13th century. Therefore, vaccinations must have been developed in the 10th century.False teeth were developed by unknown Etruscans(ancient Italians) This is obviously one of the two developments and they probably did this in 700 B.C. because the Etruscans were an ancient civilization.Vaccinations were developed by a Chinese.The Chinese developed vaccinations in the 10th century and therefore the developer is one of the three unknowns.With your partner discuss:----Aspirin might be the most widely used because it is available in the supermarket; it is inexpensive and is used in many common less serious medical conditions.-----Glasses are also very widely used .however, not all of population suffers from visual problems. Vaccinations are also widely used but require a specialist to administer them. What’s more, many vaccines only need administering once in a lifetime.-----The EEC would also be widely used in western countries where technology is readily available and heart disease more prevalent but it would be mainly used with older parties.-----False limbs might be the least frequently used as their application is very specific to amputees and those with congenital deformities .These days doctors try to avoid amputation if possible and birth defects are less frequent aswell .However, they are very important in those countries where there are wars , especially where there are landmines .Perhaps vaccinations because they prevent simple disease from becoming fatal epidemic. We tend to take them for granted.Before the age of the printing press, there were fewer historical records and literacy was not as common. Much information about ancientcivilizations still remains a mystery.“necessity is the mother of invention.”The developers must have been in critical need of the medical breakthroughs. Endurance, determination, resistance to criticism and the belief in oneself are essential to discover or invent something new.Unit 6Understanding the text1. c)2. Paragraph 113. c)4. b)Developing your skillsPart A1.background2.data-gathering procedure3.the changing concept of health4.factors affecting health5.recommendations to improve young people’s healthPart BPart Cbelieve that weight-control products are safe. About 25% of respondents works out regularly but never work out. About 21% of respondents take vitamin supplement, while 15% smoke regularly or occasionally.Extending your vocabularyPart A3perception noun4gradually adverb5issue noun6external adjective7in conjunctionwithprepositional phase8nutrition noun9normally adverb10the majority of adjectivePart B2By information preceded by asemi-colon placed immediatelyafter the phrase3By information preceded by adash placed immediately after thephrase4By information given in thefinal sentences of paragraph 8 5By information given in thefinal sentences of paragraph 15Extending your creativityMuch corn, much care.If you have a lot of money, your problem often increase instead of decrease.The best doctors are Dr. Diet, Dr Quiet and Dr Merryman.You will be happier if you have nutritious food, peace and quiet and happiness (or fun).If you want to be happy~~~Honesty in life brings lifelong, not just temporary, happiness.Some related sayings are:Money can’t buy happiness.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, andwise.If mama ain’t happy, ain’t no body happy.The first step to health is to know that we are sick.No sleep, no health.A sound mind in a sound body.Out of sight out of mind.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.An apple a day keeps the doctor away.A sound mind in a healthy body.Unit 7Understanding the text1.Voice inflection, gestures and eye contact.2.Putting special words in brackets followed by an exclamation markCapitalizing all letters of words communicating feelings3. Because in speech most meaning is communicated through body language and voice tone., but these features are not present in emails.4. Because most people prefer to keep their email addresses private.5. Because readers may form a poor impression of you if your emails are poorly organized and lacking accurate spelling, grammar and punctuation.6.↓2. Leave the mail for a time while you become less upset↓3 .Review the mail and make any changes↓Developing your skillsPart A1.To give warnings and advice on how to write effective emails with appropriate style and tone.2.The intended audience is probably university students—most of the examples given in the text are drawn from university life.3.a) Incorrect: Only paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 deal with this.b) Incorrect: There are not enough general operating instructions.c) Correct: Each paragraph contains Dos and Don’ts.Part B(2) (3) (1) (4) (6) (5)Extending your vocabularyPart APart BUnit 8Understanding the text1. c)2. b)3. a)4. Very few people put enough of their money into investments and so do not get rich. Consequently, they remain dangerously dependent on earning a salary.Developing your skillsPart AExtending your vocabularyUnit 9Understanding the text Part A1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. F7. T8. F9. F10. TPart B1.d)2.c)3.Because the companies insist that farmers buy all their seeds from the company ensure that a crop is 100% GM, poor farmers have to pay high prices for their seeds and in cases of failure, they will have no crops and no money.Developing your skillsPart A↓↓↓Part BExtending your vocabulary Part APart B1.take2.develop3.createe5.doing6.makeUnit 10Understanding the text1.2.the introduction of the Euro has not led to anincrease in prices.3.range of important issues4.The introduction of the European Convention onHuman Rights has already had an impact on British laws and there is now a European arrest warrant which can be used in all member countries.Developing your skillsPart A1.b)The author uses positive emotive languageand images when describing the launchof the Euro: impressive, optimistic, happy, a great success, gone smoothly, softy falling snow.The author highlights how quickly Europeans embraced the new currency. (paragraph 2)The author is slightly critical towards those who threaten the currency (criminals and the UK)The author uses negative emotive language to describe the UK’s resistance to the euro, e.g. dampening, refuses,stubborn, illogical.The author uses more of the text to explain the advantages and potential as opposed to highlight problems the Euro may present.2.The author is critical and makes unfavorable comparisons between the environmental awareness of Europe and that of America and the UK.European countries tend also to be more environmentally aware than either Great Britain or the United States.European politicians want to introduce an energy tax…to find alternatives to coal and oil Europeans want a tax which favors renewable energy sources and reduces the use of fossil fuels.It may be the case that mainland Europe will find itself arguing with America and the UK on major issues in the future: the former promoting progressive, people-friendly policies, while the latterattempt to retain existing means of production and social systems.Part B↓↓↓Extending your vocabularyPart APart B1.b)2.b)3.a)4.a)5.b)Unit 11Understanding the textPart APart B1.there are at least eight ways of expressing negation using prefixes..2.two different word forms may mean the same thing,e.g. flammable and inflammable.3.for priceless.4.four uses of the suffix-dous.5.form verbs from adjectives.Developing your skillsPart A【】↓【 German 】↙↘【 Dutch 】【】【 Sino-Tibetan Family 】↓【】↙↘【 Putonghua】【】Part Cluxurious elegant pleasantExtending your vocabularyPart Aexpensive effective exhaustible elegant efficient Part BExpanding your creativityUnit 12Understanding the texts Part Ac)Part BText 1Text 2Text 3Developing your skills Part APart BInternal air qualityDon’t smoke-even in the toiletComputersswitch off the computer when not using itdon’t sit at a computer for more than an four continuously Decorationbring in some plantshang some favourite pictures on the office wallPart CExtending your vocabularyPart APart BUnit 13Understanding the texts Part BDeveloping your skills Part APart BExtending your vocabularyUnit 14Before you readPart ATest what students have learnt on the courseStudents have a goal to work towards to.Teachers know what to coverExams put stress and pressure on students.Students study just to pass the exams at the end of the course.Teachers may only focus onPart BUnderstanding the text1. c)2. a)3. a)4. b)5. b) they encourage memorisation rather than understandingc)they offer a truer reflection of candidate’s ability than continuous assessment.↓they encourage selective coverage of the syllabus.6.They also provide a standardised method for assessing learning. Whileit has been argued that examinations encourage memorisation rather than understanding on the part of students and selective conerage of the syllabus by teachers, they do offer a more accurate idea of a person’s ability than continuous assessment by coursework.Developing your skillsExtending your vocabulary1. ( ) ( ) ( b ) ( a ) ( b )( a ) ( b ) ( b ) ( a ) ( b )2.suggest report argue claimstate point out indicate Expanding your creativityUnit 15Understanding the textPart APart B1. a new computer operating system called Linus.2. because he allows anyone to use the system free.3.Linus Pauling, the famous American chemist and double Nobel Prize winner.4. he could not afford a personal version of the popular Unix system.5. the ideas become worthless.Developing your skillsPart APart B1.b)2. a)3.b)4. a)5.a)Extending your vocabularyPart APart Binstalling systems hardware software compatible computers programmes simulations modelspart Cemotion: guilt doubtvirtue: honesty opennessUnit 16Before you readPart AUnderstanding the text1.c)2.a) before paragraph 1b) before paragraph 2c) before paragraph 10d) before paragraph 133. b)＝The Pentathlon combined the five events of jumping, running, javelin, discus and wrestling .c)＝The main qualities for success in the Pentathlon werespeed,strength,skills and endurance.d)＝Ancient champions received rewards such as living free in a special hall and exemption from paying taxes for an Olympiad.e)＝Although the first modern Games were open to all, the majority of athletes were Greek.Extending your vocabularyPart APart BUnit 17Understanding the text2.b)3.d)4.Developing your skillsExtending your vocabulary Part APart Bstroll walk run jog stumblestagger hobblePart CExpanding your creativityUnit 18Understanding the textPart APart BDeveloping your skills Part AThe benefits of lasers in thetreatment of diabetesrelated yey damage.The uses of lasers in ear surgery.The uses of lasers in cosmeticsurgery.Warning about the length and expenseinvolved in training in the use of lasertechniques, relative to conventionalsurgical techniquesPart BThey are used to treat eye problems, especially with the retina and damage caused by diabetes. Lasers are also used for cancer, ear and cosmetic surgery. Training in using lasers is a longer and more expensive process than training in conventional surgical techniques.Extending your vocabulary(3)(6)(4)(1)(2)Expanding your creativityIt is better to fail in something that you are doing than to give up and spoil all your changes of ever finding out the answer or the truth to something.It is thought by some that advancement is not always good because with progress advancement we will meet with even more problems that we have never thought of before.This means that there is nothing wrong with the actual process is trying to achieve something, but we must know when to stop and assimilate what we have achieved.When we look at all the high technology that is possible now, it feelslike it is unreal and impossible to be true in the first place.This means that the study of science is looking at things that do not work or are not of any use.This means that the machine is not really our friend because it will stifle our desire to create and achieve greater heihgts.It means that if we do not use whatever knowledge we have then it will be useless and go out of date very soon.Unit 19Before you readWritten language is carefullyplanned, redrafed and constitutes apermanent record of an event ortransaction.Writing uses punctuation.Writing requires implements such aspaper and pens.Understanding the textPart A1.c)2. d)3. b)4. c)5. b)6. a)Part B√√√√√Part C1.audience and feedback.2.feedback either does not occur or is delayed for a long time.3.writers need to make sure that their writing is clear and。