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动词不定式的精讲与专项练习

动词不定式(The Infinitive)一、概述不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。

它有两种形式:(1)带to的不定式;(2)不带to的不定式(即通常所说的动词原形),它可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语。

不定式既有动词性质,又有名词性质。

1)不等式具有动词性质,即它有时态和语态的变化;可有自己的宾语或状语并构成不等式短语。

如:Would you like to tell me an interesting story? 你可不可以给我讲一个有趣的故事?(不等式to tell有自己的宾语me和story)He was too clever a man to be fooled.他这个人很机灵,不会被愚弄的。

(不等式的被动语态)I’m going to go there by bike. 我想骑自行车去那儿。

(不定式有状语there)They will set up more primary schools in the countryside. 他们将在乡村修建更多的小学。

(不带to的不等式与助动词will一起构成谓语)但是,不等式没有人称和数的变化,即不受人称和单数、复数的限定或影响。

She likes to play the accordion. 她喜欢弹奏手风琴。

She liked to play the accordion when she was young. 她很小就喜欢弹奏手风琴。

2)不等式具有名词性质,即它在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。

如:To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

(作主语)This suit doesn’t seem to fit me.这件衣服似乎不适合我穿。

(作表语)She wanted to see which shops offered the best service. 她想看看哪家商店提供最好的服务。

(作宾语)There’s no need to be worried. 不需要担心。

(作定语)He went there to see what would happen.他去那儿是想看看会出什么事。

(作状语)3)不等式虽然在语法上不能有主语,但它表示的动作,在意思上是可以有自己的主语,在语法上这个主语称为不等式的逻辑主语。

这个逻辑主语可能是整个句子的主语、宾语等,也可以用一个由for引起的短语表示。

如:His friends tried to encourage him. 他的朋友设法鼓励他。

(不等式的逻辑主语His friends同时也是句子的主语)Every year, tobacco companies must persuade new people to start smoking cigarettes.每年烟草公司要设法使一些比吸烟的人开始吸烟。

(不等式的逻辑主语new people是句子的宾语)It’s very difficult for a foreigner to learn Chines e. 外国人学汉语是很不容易的。

(不等式的逻辑主语由for引起的短语表示)另外,不等式的否定形式一般在它的前面直接加not或never。

The teacher has told me many times not to come late again.老师多次告诉我不要再来晚了。

She seems not to have a bright time with her new friends.和新朋友在一起她似乎过得不是太好。

二、不定式的主要用法动词不等式具有名词、形容词及副词的特征,因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语(或主语)补足语、表语、定语、及状语等。

1、不定式作主语①不等式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

To conquer English is not easy. 征服英语不容易。

To make plan firs t is a good idea. 先制定计划是个好主意。

To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通,无一精通。

②不等式作主语时,常常用形式主语it替代,而将真正的主语不等式放在句子的后面。

It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语很有必要。

It’s a great pleasure to see you again.再次见到你真高兴。

It is a bad manner to stare at a foreign guest.盯着外宾看是一种不良的举动。

③如果说明不等式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不等式的前面加一个for引起的短语,这就是常见的“It is adj./n. for sb. to do sth.”句式。

如:It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friends when they are talking.对阿拉伯人来说,交谈时站得离朋友近些是好的礼貌。

It is a great honor for us to be presented at the party.我们能来参加晚会,深感荣幸。

It will be a regret for us not to help him. 我们没有帮助他是个遗憾。

④在某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时,不等式前常加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不等式指的是谁的情况。

这就是常见的“It is adj. of sb to do sth.”句式。

如:It’s very kind of you to think so much of us. 谢谢你替我们考虑这么多。

It is unwise of them to do like that. 他们那样做是不明智的。

It’s impolite of you to gossip about others.你们说别人的闲话是不礼貌的。

It’s careless of them to ignore this important point.他们忽视了重点,只是粗心。

2、不定式作宾语①英语中能以不等式作宾语的动词很多。

常见的有:like, want, wish, hate, prefer, hope, manage, try, offer, start, ask, forget, promise, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, desire, agree, learn, choose, expect等等。

如:Don’t forget to bring your dictionary.不要忘记把你的字典带来。

He can’t afford to buy a car.他买不起小汽车。

I need to fetch a tape from a friend. 我需要去一个朋友处取一盒磁带回来。

We’ve decided to put on a short play next week. 我们决定下一周演一个小话剧。

Once you start to smoke, you cannot easily give it up. 一旦你抽上了烟,你就不容易戒掉。

I really like to watch football matches. 我非常喜欢看足球比赛。

How I wish to see my old friends again. 我多么想再见到我的老朋友啊!②当不等式作直接宾语,而后面还有宾语补足语时,通常把不等式放在补足语后面,而用形式宾语it来替代它。

如:I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.我发现在限定的时间内回答所有的问题是不可能的。

She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it.她觉得没有必要和他辩论这问题。

He made it a rule only to speak English in class. 他规定课上只能说英语。

I find it necessary to speak about our shortcomings. 我觉得有必要谈谈我们的缺点。

She feels it hardly to help others. 她认为帮助别人是她的责任。

③英语中介词后面通常要用动词的动名词形式。

但是下面的这些短语中的介词却例外:be about to +不等式,do nothing but, cannot help choose but, nothing except, nothing else than,cannot but 等。

如:He is about to go aboard to study. 他将出国学习去了。

The patient can not but follow the doctor’s instructions, though he doesn’t think it necessary.病人只得遵照医生的嘱咐,尽管他们认为没有必要。

These children did nothing except play all day long. 这些孩子除了整天玩外,什么都没做。

He did nothing else than laugh. 他只是笑。

He does everything except go to school. 他怎么也不上学。

I had no choice but to give up this chance to go aboard. 我没有办法只好放弃了此次出国的机会。

I have got nothing to do but depend on myself. 我没有办法只好依靠自己。

★ [注意] but、except用作介词(除……之外)接不等式,如前面有do/does/did时,不等式不带to,否则要带to。

再如:The lady can do nothing but give in. = The lady has no choice but to give in.3、不定式作宾语补足语在很多句子中,不定式用作宾语(名词或代词)的补足语,从而构成复合结构,即复合宾语。

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