1 Rhetoric in the Renaissance (15th— 16th c.)
2 The Renaissance
定义：the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries.
延伸：It is an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.
3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance
文艺复兴时期修辞学的发展概况：
1) Major texts by Cicero and Quintilian were recovered.
Cicero和Quintilian的主要思想及理论（五艺说）重新登上修辞学的舞台：
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2) A proliferation of rhetorics appeared in many rhetoricians’ English publications.
It was following classical models but written in the vernacular.
新兴的修辞出现在很多作品中，它来源于传统的修辞模式却运用通俗的语言来展示。
3) Sister Miriam Joseph divided Renaissance rhetoricians into three groups.
修辞学家的分类：
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4 回顾：The Theory of “Five Arts”(“Five Canons”) (课本：pp27-29)
—invention
—arrangement
—style
—memory
—delivery
五艺（无准则）理论：
—发现（通过考虑人物、事件、何时、何地、怎样和原因找到站得住脚的论点）
—组织（如何有效地组织证据）
—风格（如何措辞和组织语句）
—记忆（如何通过有效的记忆手段让观众对演讲记忆深刻的艺术）
—演说（包括演说者的姿势、音调、手势和面部表情）
5 Three groups of Renaissance rhetoricians：
The traditionalists 传统派
The figurists 修辞格派
The Ramists 拉米斯派(分流派)
The differences among them center on whether they viewed the topics of invention as belonging to rhetoric, to logic, or to both.
6 The traditionalists
1) Appreciate the importance of all five arts of rhetoric支持“五艺”说，赞同修辞的全部五项
功能
2) 代表人物及作品：
Two prominent traditionalists: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas Wilson:
Erasmus published his book De Copia in 1512, teaching and encouraging students to invent subjects in various ways and express the same argument in a variety of styles.
Thomas Wilson published his book Arte of Rhetorique in 1553, which presents the whole classical tradition in its five parts. It reintroduces a discussion of memory and delivery.
7 The figurists
1) Subordinated logic to rhetoric认为逻辑从属于修辞学
2) Emphasized the importance of style强调风格（如何措辞和组织语句）的重要性
3) 代表人物及作品：
George Puttenham’s The Arte of English Poesie (1589), which treats 107 figures, and Henry Peacham’s The Garden of Eloquence (1577), which catalogues 184 figures, are important representatives of this tradition.
8 The Ramists
1) Subordinated rhetoric to logic认为修辞从属于逻辑
2) Divorced invention and arrangement from rhetoric and assigned them to logic. Thus, rhetoric under the Ramist scheme is left to deal with style, memory, and delivery.
将“五艺”中的“发现”与“组织”从修辞中分离出，归类到逻辑。
因此，在拉米斯学派的体制中，修辞对应的仅仅是“风格”、“记忆”与“演说”。
3) 代表人物及作品：Peter Ramus’ Institutiones Oratoriae
（补充资料：文艺复兴时期，当时三大修辞学派之一的拉米斯把觅材取材、构思布局划归为逻辑学，而只把文体风格、记忆和讲演技巧认作是修辞学的研究内容。
所以拉米斯派也叫分流派。
由此，修辞这个概念的外延有所缩小。
修辞也与逻辑论证分道扬镳。
）
9 “copia”——Renaissance rhetoricians’ major concern
Copia means——“plenty” or “abundance”, it refers not only to various techniques for embellishing the argument, but also to many ways in which arguments could be invented.
文艺复兴时期的修辞学强调丰富性，它所指的不仅仅是论述技巧的多样化，也指立论角度的多样化。
The poets and prose writers who studied these techniques produced a literature as rich in imagery and sound patterns as it was thoughtful and deeply rooted in logic.
这一时期的诗人和作家创作的文学作品非常形象而有张力，同时又具备严密的逻辑。