外文翻译Auto TransmissionFirst, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trendAutomobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVTand IVT, however as a result of the reliability of Poor, non-durable materials and high cost issues, development is not very good. Comprehensive refers to transmission torque converter and the mechanical components have the level of transmission variable hydraulic mechanical Speed, the transmission ratio can be between the maximum and minimum range of a few discontinuous change for no class, but its Significantly lower transmission efficiency than the efficiency of gear drives. 2 By manipulation, transmission control type can be divided into mandatory, automatic and semi-automatic control to manipulate three - Species . Mandatory on the driver to manipulate the direct transmission gear shift control for the majority of motor vehicles used Also known as Manual Transmission Manual Transmission (MT). Automatic transmission control selection of the transmission ratio (transmission) is carried out automatically. Just add the driver to manipulate Speed pedal, you can control the speed, also known as Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission (A T). It is According to the speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control, stall in accordance with the above two Parameters to automatically take-off and landing.A T and MT in common is that they are level transmission, but A T According to the speed of the speed shift automatically, you can eliminate the manual transmission "setback" of the shift feel. However, A T also have many drawbacks, such as body complex, mechanical efficiency is not high, high cost, reliability and control Sensitivity remains to be increasing . AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) is in the traditional dry clutch and manual transmission gear based on the transformation of form, mainly to change the part of the manual gearshift control. That is, the overall structure of the MT cases the same switch to electronically controlled automatic transmission to achieve. Semi-automatic control, there are two forms of transmission. A number of stalls is a common automatic control, and the remaining stalls manipulated by the driver; the other is pre-style, that is, pre-selected pilot stalls, the clutch pedal in the down or release the accelerator pedal, the for retirement or an electromagnetic device to shift the hydraulic device. In recent years, with advances in vehicle technology and road traffic density increased, the performance requirements of the transmission is also getting higher and higher. A large number of automotive engineers in improving the performance of automobile transmission study a great deal of effort devoted to the rapid transmission of technology development, such as A T, AMT, DCT, CVT and the emergence of IVT.2003 Hyundai A T, AMT, DCT, CVT forum reached a consensus on the following:in the next Development, MT will continue to be the most widely used automotive transmission, AMT will increase the proportion of the application, A T also Will occupy a large market share, CVT's use of certain limitations, can only be due to a number of small displacement Car, DCT (dual clutch transmission) will also be the budding growth. From 2003 to now, vehicle speed Thedevelopment of devices and the forum basically the consensus reached by consensus. By comparing the analysis, the traditional mechanical transmission is still the most widely used vehicle change Speed. Although it has many shortcomings, such as shifting the impact of large, bulky, cumbersome to manipulate and so on; however, it also There are many advantages, such as high transmission efficiency, reliable operation, long life, manufacturing processes mature and low cost. Therefore, if we can improve the mechanical transmission of the above-mentioned shortcomings, it still has great room for development.Second, Manual Transmission Fault DiagnosisManual transmission at the beginning of the fault diagnosis prior toFailure to confirm from other parts is not: to check the tire And wheels, to confirm the normal tire pressure, and the wheel is flat V alue of; to confirm instead of noise and vibration from the engine. Clutch , And steering and suspension, etc..(A), skip file1. PhenomenonV ehicle acceleration, deceleration, climbing or severe vehicle vibration, the gear lever neutral position automatically jump.2. Reasons① self-locking device of the ball did not enter the grooves or linked file does not meet the full-gear tooth meshing long;② self-locking device worn groove ball or serious, self-locking spring is too soft or broken fatigue;③ gear along the direction of tooth wear as a long cone-shaped;④ one or two too松旷shaft bearing, so that one or two three-axis and the crankshaft axis of the heart or different transmission and clutch shell shell bonding plane of the vertical axis the relative change in the crankshaft;⑤ Second Gear axis often axial or radial gap is too large;⑥ the axis of axial or radial gap is too large.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshootingJump to file stalls Unascertained: After taking heat the entire vehicle, increase the use of continuous, slow approach to road test each file is determined.Will jump to the gear lever hanging file stalls the engine off, transmission cover removed carefully to observe the mating dance gear case file.① engagement does not meet the length, then the resulting fault;② to reach a total length of engagement, should continue to check;③ check mating wear parts: wear into a cone, then failure may be caused by;④ check b-axis of the gear profile and the axis of the axial and radial clearance, clearance is too large, then failure may be caused by;⑤ check self-locking devices, locking devices, if only a very small dynamic resistance, and even feel the ball is not plugged groove (the transmission cover caught in the vice, the hand-shaking shift stroke), the fault for the bad performance of self-locking ; Otherwise, the fault for the clutch and gearbox shell bonding plane and the vertical axis of the crankshaft caused by changes.(B), arbitrary files1. PhenomenonTechnical condition in the clutch normal circumstances, transmission at the same time put up or two files linked to the need to stall, the results linked to other stalls.2. Reasons① interlocking device failure: if the fork shaft, pin or interlocking interlocking ball too much wear and tear, etc.;② the bottom of the arc gear face wear and tear is too large or fork axis of the allocated blocks wear groove is too large;③ball pin gear lever broken or the ball-hole, ball松旷wear too. In short arbitrary file transmission is mainly due to institutional failure manipulation.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting① linked to the need to stall, the results linked to the other stalls: rocking gear lever, to check their point of view before, if in excess of the normal range, while the lower end of failure by the gear lever ball pin and the positioning groove ball with or松旷, the ball is too large holes caused by wear and tear. Swung shift 360 °, compared with a broken pin.② If the pendulum angle to normal, still not on, or linked to more than picking file, then the lower end of failure by the gear lever away from the limitations arising from the groove in (due to break away from the bottom of the arc-shaped guide groove face wear and tear or wear).③ At the same time linked to the two files: the fault caused by the interlocking device failure.(C), the difficulties linked to files1. PhenomenonClutch technical condition, but can not be linked smoothly linked file into the stalls, often percussive sound gear.2. Reasons① synchronizer failure;② Bending fork shaft, locking the spring strong, ball injury, etc.;③ a shaft or a spline shaft bending injury;④ inadequate or excessive gear oil, gear oil does not meet the specifications.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting①Synchronizer check whether the fall to pieces, cone ring is conical spiral groove wear, whether worn slider, spring is too soft, such as elastic.② If the Synchronizer normal, check whether the bending of a shaft, spline wear is severe.③ check whether the mobile axis normal fork.(D), abnormal sound transmission1. PhenomenonTransmission refers to transmission work abnormal sound when the sound is not normal.2. Reasons1) abnormal sound gearGear wear off very thin gap is too large, the impact of running in; bad tooth meshing, such as the repair did not replace the gear pairs. New and old gear with the gear mesh can not be correct; tooth metal fatigue spalling or damage to individual teeth broken; gear and the spline shaft with松旷, or the axial gear clearance is too large; axis caused by bending or bearing松旷space to change gears.2) Bearing ringSerious bearing wear; Bearing (outer) ring with the journal blocks (holes) with the loose; Ball Bearing Ma break-up or a point of ablation.3) ring made for other reasonsSuch as the transmission within缺油, lubricants have been thin, too thick or quality deterioration; transmission into the foreign body inside; some loose bolts fastening; odometer or the odometer shaft ring gear, such as fat.3. Troubleshooting①transmission issued metal dry friction sound, which is缺油and the poor quality of oil. Refueling and inspection should be the quality of oil, if necessary, replacement.② for moving into a file if the sound obvious, namely, the profile of gear tooth wear; If the occurrence of cyclical noise, while damage to individual teeth.③when the ring gap, and riding the clutch pedal under the noise disappeared after the general axis is a before and after the bearing or regular engagement ring gear; if any files are changed into the ring, after more than two-axis bearing ring.④transmission occurs when a sudden impact the work of sound, most of the tooth was broken and should be removed timely transmission inspection cover to prevent mechanicaldamage.⑤moving, only for transmission of a file into the ring gear made in the above-mentioned good premise, it should check with improper gear mesh, if necessary, should be re-assembling a pair of new gear. In addition, it may be synchronizer gear wear or damage should be repaired or replaced depending on the circumstances.⑥ when shifting gear ring made of impact, it may be the clutch or the clutch pedal can not be separated from stroke is incorrect, damaged synchronizer, excessive idling, gear improperly adjusted or tight-oriented, such as Bush. In such cases, to check whether the separation of the clutch, and then adjust the idle speed or the gear lever, respectively, the location, inspection-oriented with the bearing bushing and separation tightness.If excluded from the above examinations, the transmission is still made ring, should check the shaft bearings and shaft hole with the situation, bearing the state of their own technology, etc.; as well, and then view the odometer shaft and ring gear is made and, if necessary, be repaired or replacement.(E), transmission oil1. PhenomenonAround the transmission gear lubricants, transmission gear box to reduce the fuel can be judged as lubricant leakage.2. Reasons and troubleshooting① improper oil selection, resulting in excessive foam, or the volume too much oil, when in need of replacement or adjust the lubricant oil;② side cover is too loose, damaged gaskets, oil seal damage, damage to seals and oil seals should be replaced with new items;③ release and transmission oil tank and side cover fixed bolts loosening, tightening torque should be required;④ broken gear-housing shell or extended wear and tear caused by oil spills, must be replaced;⑤ odometer broken loose gear limit device must be locked or replaced; gear oil seal oil seal oil should be replaced.Third, the maintenance manual gearboxSantana is now as an example:Santana used to manually synchronize the entire, multi-stage gear transmission, there are four forward one block and reverse gear. Block are forward-lock synchronizer ring inertial, body-wide shift synchronizer nested engagement with a reasonable structure, the layout of a compact, reliable, long life and so on. However, if the use and maintenance is not the right way to do so, failure mayoccur at any time.The proper use of Synchronizer:1, the use of addition and subtraction block off both feet. Block addition and subtraction, if the clutch with one foot, then the speed at the time of addition and subtraction block must be correct, the timing should be appropriate and, if necessary, to addition and subtraction can be blocked off both feet, so that addition and subtraction method can reduce the block with Gear speed difference between the circumference, thereby reducing wear and tear Synchronizer to extend the life of Synchronizer.2, prohibited the use of tap-shift gear lever when the method (that is, a push of the operation of a song). Hand should always hold down the shift, this can greatly reduce the synchronizer sliding lock Moreton Central time and reduce wear and tear.3, no state in the gap off the use of force挂挡synchronizer start the engine. Moment of inertia as a great engine, the friction torque Synchronizer also small, so the time synchronization process is very long, so that lock ring temperature increased sharply, it is easy to burn synchronizer.4, is strictly prohibited by synchronizer clutch instead of the initial (that is, the use of non-use of the clutch friction synchronizer start挂挡role), control speed and braking.The correct use of lubricants:Santana at the factory, the transmission has been added to the quality of lubricating oil, under normal circumstances, the level of the transmission lubrication need to be checked. However, when normal travel 100,000 kilometers 10,000 kilometers -20 after the first lubricating oil must be replaced. Santana grade lubricants used in transmission as follows: Gear Oil API-GLA (MIL-L2105), SAE80 or SAE80W-90 grade汽车变速器一、汽车变速器概述及发展趋势汽车问世百余年来，特别是从汽车的大批量生产及汽车工业的大发展以来，汽车己为世界经济的发展、为人类进入现代生活，产生了无法估量的巨大影响，为人类社会的进步作出了不可磨灭的巨大贡献，掀起了一场划时代的革命。