专业英语一、选择20%1、The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or most of the gas has been removed, permitting electrons to movewith no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules. 真空管是一种内部气体全部或部分抽空的电子管，从而使电子在不受或少受气体分子的干扰下运动。
2、A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it, depending on how much electricity isinput to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However, unlike the vacuum tube , it is solid state . 晶体管是一种依据输入电量大小而传导可变电量的器件。
换言之，晶体管是一种数字开关。
然而，和真空管不同，晶体管是“固态”的。
3、Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and circuits for increasing package density and reducingpower dissipation and signal propagation delays.微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸, 从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传播延迟。
4、While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air, glass, wood) or conduct electricity readily (metals,water), there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount, or only under certain conditions. These are called semiconductors.大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。
这些材料被称作半导体。
5、A flip-flop is basically a bi-state circuit in which either a 0 or 1 state can resides. Because of its simplicity, the flip-flop isextremely fast. As a basic element, the flip-flop is used in digital circuits and ICs. A flip-flop will lose its state when the supply voltage is removed. Therefore, it is volatile. 触发器是一种存储“0”或“1”的双态电路。
由于触发器结构简单，所以其速度极快。
触发器是数字电路和集成电路中的基本部件。
由于电源电压去掉后，触发器原有的状态就失去了，因此它是“易失的”。
6、The cache is a temporary storage area for frequently-accessed or recently-accessed data. Having certain data stored in acache speeds up the operation of the computer. There are two kinds of cache: internal (or memory cache) and external (or disk cache). Internal cache is built into the processor, and external cache is on the motherboard. When an item is called for, the computer first checks the internal cache, then the external cache, and finally the slower main storage.7、A technique where the microprocessor fetches the next instruction before completing execution of the previousinstruction, in order to increase processing speed.）流水线是一种在前一条指令全部执行完之前就开始取下一条指令，以提高处理速度的技术。
8、tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes it to thebus. When the tri-state buffer's control bit is active, the input of the device makes it to the output. When it's not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or, equivalently, nothing. There is no electrical signal is allowed to pass to the output.9、Period jitter, also called short-term jitter, is a change in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position over consecutiveclock edges. 周期内抖动也称为短期抖动。
它是指在相继时钟边沿的范围内时钟输出状态转换位置偏离理想位置。
10、Clock Buffers：A device in which the output waveform directly follows the input waveform.Duty Cycle：The ratio of the output high time to the total cycle time.Slew：The rate of change of voltage or frequency.Aging：The systematic change in frequency over time due to internal changes in crystal/oscillator.11、Clock Driver Skew (Intrinsic Skew) is the amount of skew caused by the clock driver itself.时钟驱动器相位偏移（内部相位偏移）是由时钟驱动器引起的相位偏移量。
Board Design Skew (Extrinsic skew) is the amount of skew caused by board layout issues such as:电路板设计相位偏移（外部相位偏移）是由下列电路板布线问题造成的相位偏移量：12、decibel 分贝：A unit used to express relative difference in power or intensity, usually between two acoustic or electricsignals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.13、Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU.14、Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed.15、Sound card:This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital informationand back again.Graphics card :This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor16、While traditional processors follow the Von Neumann architecture model, which assumes a shared single memoryto be used for both program instructions and data, DSPs use the Harvard or modified Harvard architecture , which includes multiple program and data memories, along with multiple buses to access them. 传统的处理器遵循冯 诺依曼结构模型，该结构采用一个单一的共享存储器，同时存储程序指令和数据；而数字信号处理器使用的是哈佛结构或改进哈佛结构，该结构包含多个程序和数据存储器以及访问这些存储器的多套总线。
17、AWG: AWG can produce any waveform you can imagine. You can use a variety of methods - from mathematicalformulae to “drawing” the waveform - to create the needed output.18、Simulation: “Building” an event or sequence of events, based on a specific waveform definition (often from asimulator or a library of waveforms)Replication: Capturing an existing signal on an oscilloscope and sending it to the signal source for reproductionSubstitution: Creating and/or modifying a defined signal to substitute for a signal from unavailable circuitry二、缩写30%1、IC (Integrated circuit) 集成电路2、LSI (large scale integration)大规模集成电路3、CMOS (complementary) 互补MOS4、MOS (metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体5、PMOS (P-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) P沟道MOSFET6、NMOS (N-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) N沟道MOSFET7、EPROM (erasabl e programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器8、EEPROM (el ectrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器9、DRAM (dynamic rand om access memory) 动态随机存储器10、SRAM (static rand om access memory) 静态随机存储器11、GBW（gain-bandwidth product）增益带宽乘积12、DC (direct current) 直流/AC (alternating current) 交流13、ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) 模-数转换器/DAC14、PLL(phase-l ocked l oop) 锁相环路15、VCO(voltage controlled oscillator) 压控振荡器16、CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元17、USB(universal serial bus) 通用串行总线18、IDE(Integrated Device El ectronics ) 集成驱动电路19、PCI( Peripheral Component Interconnect)互连外围设备20、OS (Operating System) 操作系统21、CD( Compact Disc) 激光唱片22、CAD (computer assisted d esign) 计算机辅助设计23、EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化24、HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言25、ASIC Application Specific Intergrated Circuits 专用集成电路26、RTL(resistor transistor l ogic) 电阻晶体管逻辑(电路)27、FPGA : Field programmabl e Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列28、DSP(Digital Signal Processor)数字信号处理器29、SOC（System on a Chip ）片上系统30、PCB(printed circuit board) 印刷电路板31、DMM(Digital Multimeter) 数字万用表32、CRT (Crystal Ray Tube) 阴极射线管三、翻译50%1、Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the creation of integrated circuits that had previously been made frommultiple discrete components. 大规模集成是指将先前多个分立部件构成的电路集成化。