2011—2012第一学期实践教学William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare (26 April 1564- 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright. He was widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaboration, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men.Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the famous works.Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.(Sonnet1 和sonnet5的相关资料由张文瑞提供)Sonnet 1That thereby beauty's rose might never die,But as the riper should by time decease,His tender heir might bear his memory;But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,Making a famine where abundance lies,Thyself that art now the world's fresh ornamentAnd only herald to the gaudy springWithin thine own bud buriest thy content,And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.(辜正坤《莎士比亚十四行诗》2008年1月第一版)译文:我们总愿美的物种繁衍昌盛,好让美的玫瑰永远也不凋零。
纵然时序难逆,物壮必老,自有年轻的子孙一脉相承。
而你,却只与自己的明眸订婚,焚身为火,好烧出眼中的光明。
你与自我为敌,作践可爱的自身,有如在丰饶之乡偏造成满地饥民。
你是当今世界鲜美的装饰,你是锦绣春光里报春的先行。
你用自己的花苞埋葬了自己的花精,如慷慨吝啬者用吝啬将血本赔尽。
可怜这个世界吧,你这贪得无厌之人,不留遗嗣在世间,只落得萧条葬孤坟。
(辜正坤译)评论一:这第一首诗,诗人开宗明义地提出:熟透了的东西随时会殒落,血亲后嗣就该继承他的遗业,要美的生命不断繁衍孳生,艳丽的玫瑰才不会凋谢。
这是自然法则,也启示着现实中人应步的常道。
但是朋友,你却不去寻结连理,只独钟其身,恰似和自己的眼睛订婚,燃尽自身,也只能烧炼出双眸的光焰,而不能把你的美传诸后人。
这是和自己作对,就会在丰饶的田野上酿出了饥馑。
你本是天地的精华,鲜艳的珍品,自应婚娶,生育美的后代,为灿烂的春天开路。
而你却不肯与美人结合,愿在自身的花蕾里埋葬了自己。
这种自怜的吝啬,酿成了毁灭的浪费,该有多么可惜与可叹啊!所以,诗人于最后剀切陈情:亲爱的朋友,可怜这世界吧,你不能违背自然规律,把世界应得的统统让坟墓吞去,和你一同消逝。
从上段可以看出,这首诗主要表达莎士比亚一方面非常惋惜朋友独自生活而不肯结连理的情感,另一方面又在极力劝说他的朋友,传宗接代是自然规律,不能违背,留下后代才能让美永存,所以要赶快婚娶啊!蕴含着文艺复兴时代,一个人文主义者赤诚的现实主义精神。
您听到了吗,诗人在为春天开路,为美的永驻而呐喊哩!莎士比亚《十四行诗》的1-17首形成一组,具有同一主题,都是诗人劝他的青年好友应该结婚的。
因为,时间在改变一切,他那美的形貌也会消逝;只有结婚生育,才能在后代的身上永驻青春。
从这组诗里,我们得识诗人那积极进取的人生哲理与现实主义精神。
开篇的十七首诗,主题随同,但是莎氏以不同的譬喻,从不同的角度,提炼、抒发为深沉的诗。
来源:/question/263213139.html评论二:第一首十四行诗中的第六行,有一个短语“self—substantial fuel(把自己当燃料)”。
这是一个蜡烛的意象,蜡烛燃烧自己旨在为世界带来光明,但这只是个短暂的瞬间。
蜡烛燃尽后,世界依然一片黑暗。
除了短暂的光明,蜡烛熄灭后什么都没给世界留下。
从某种意义上说,这是一种浪费。
同理,如果诗中的主人翁不生子来延续他的美貌,这也是一种浪费。
因为诗中主人翁的美貌然此刻让世界光彩夺目。
但他死后会因无人延续他的美而让世界再次暗淡无光。
所以,在劝说者看来,诗中主人翁应该结婚并生子来延续他的美。
当他逝去时,他的子孙后代才能把他的美传承下去,才能让世界永远“光明”。
在第一首十四行诗中,劝说者的语气由善意的忠告逐渐转为严重的警告。
诗人在第一诗节中陈述了青春美貌终将随时间逝去的永恒真理,“But as the riper should by time decrease”在第二诗节中,劝说者坦言:如果诗中的主人翁不结婚生子,那么他对自己就太“残忍”了,“To thy sweet self too cruel”因为他没有利用好他的美貌,死后不能为世界留下一子半女来延续他的美貌,让世人分享。
接着在第三诗节中,劝说者的语气在逐渐转变。
他把适婚年龄不结婚的人称为“吝啬鬼”,“tender churl,mak’st waste in”这里的“吝啬鬼”在笔者看来有两层意思,一方面,诗中的主人翁吝啬于把自己的爱放在女人身上,他爱自己胜过一切,所以不愿意结婚。
另一方面,他吝啬于结婚后生子来复制自己的美貌从而让世人分享。
在最后一节中,劝说者似乎对诗中主人翁的态度很生气,并警告他说如果你不想结婚,死亡将等待着你,“To eat thewodd’s due,by the grave and thee”在这首十四行诗的开头,诗人只是摆事实,讲道理。
而在第二诗节中,开始劝说年轻人不要对自己太残忍。
第三诗节语气转而有些愤怒,用“吝啬鬼”一词来称呼像年轻人这样,有着美貌而不愿结在这首十婚生子让后人分享美的人。
最后两行的语气可以说从愤怒转到了诅咒。
诗人认为,年轻人如果不结婚生子,就应该死去,因为这是他欠世界的东西。
在第一首十四行诗中,玫瑰的枯萎喻示着青春的流逝。
在第一诗节,劝说者坦言时间将使玫瑰(“riper”)死亡,唯有娇嫩的后嗣(“tenderheir”)可以证明它年轻时的苟烂。
这里红玫瑰代表着年轻和美貌,而娇嫩的后嗣则指孩子。
所以,如果诗中主人翁想证实自己年轻时的美貌,就必须结婚、生子。
否则,当时光飞逝,不通过孩子没人知道他曾经的美貌。
在第五首十四行诗中,时间被隐喻地描述成一个暴君(“tyrant”)。
永不停步的时间残酷地把多彩的夏季带入荒凉的冬季。
夏季喻示着青春,而冬季则意味着年老。
“暴君”将不会对美丽的青春心生怜悯而停止它前进的脚步,所以诗中的主人翁唯有早日在年轻时结婚生子。
否则,当“暴君”把你的青春与美貌一并带走后,一切都是徒劳,这世上再没人复制你的美貌并把它延续下去。
来源:刘吉俊思茅师范高等专科学校学报 2011年2月第27卷第1期(思茅师范高等专科学校英语系。
云南普洱665000)Sonnet 5Those hours, that with gentle work did frameThe lovely gaze where every eye doth dwell,Will play the tyrants to the very sameAnd that unfair which fairly doth excel:For never-resting time leads summer onTo hideous winter and confounds him there;Sap checked with frost and lusty leaves quite gone,Beauty o'ersnow'd and bareness every where:Then, were not summer's distillation left,A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass,Beauty's effect with beauty were bereft,Nor it nor no remembrance what it was,But flowers distill'd though they with winter meet,Lose but their show; their substance still lives sweet.(辜正坤《莎士比亚十四行诗》2008年1月第一版)译文:时光老人曾用精雕细刻刻出这众目所归的美颜,也会对它施暴虐于某一天,叫倾国之貌转眼丑态毕现。